摘要:to feel grateful to sb. for....归功于; 感激 owing to 由于; 因为...... own adj. belonging to oneself自己的 vt. 1.to possess something , esp. by lawful right拥有; 持有; 所有

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The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby. Almost from the moment it is born, the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its mother. During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost any large, warm, and soft object in its environment, particularly if that object also gives it milk. After a week or so, however, the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses its attentions on “mother” ---- the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物).

During the first two weeks of its warmth is perhaps the most important psychological(心理的) thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby. The Harlows, a couple who are both psychologists, discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice of two types of mother-substitutes ---- one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire. If the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature, the little monkeys always preferred the cloth mother. However, if the wire model was heated, while the cloth model was cool, for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire mother-substitutes as their favorites. Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time on the more comfortable cloth mother

Why is cloth preferable to bare wire? Something that the Harlows called contact(接触的) comfort seems to be the answer, and a most powerful influence it is. Baby monkeys spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers’ skins, putting themselves in as close contact with the parent as they can. Whenever the young animal is frightened, disturbed, or annoyed, it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her body. Wire doesn’t“rub”as well as does soft wire cloth. Prolonged(长时间的)“contact comfort” with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.

According to the Harlows, the basic quality of a baby’s love for its mother is trust. If the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother, the baby ignores the toys no matter how interesting they might be. It screams in terror and curls up into a fury little ball. If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom, the bay rushes to it and holds onto it for dear life. After a few minutes of contact comfort, it obviously begins to feel more secure. It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the toys, but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is still there and that all is well. Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding on to its “mother.” 

50. Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of its life?

A. Warmth     B. Milk     C. Contact         D. Trust

1.After the first two weeks of their life, baby moneys prefer the cloth mother to the wire mother because the former is __.

A.larger in size                           B.closer to them

C.less frightening and less disturbing          D.more comfortable to rub against

2.What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”?

A.Attention         B.Softness           C.Confidence        D.Interest

3.It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure,_____________.

A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys

B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards

C.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting

D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around

4.The main purpose of the passage is to______________.

A.give the reasons of the experiment

B.present the findings of the experiment

C.introduce the method of the experiment

D.describe the process of the experiment

 

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Five years ago, David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day. “I was a clothes addict,” he jokes. “I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled.” Today David wears casual clothes—khaki pants and sports shirt—to the office. He hardly ever wears a necktie. “I’m working harder than ever,” David says, “and I need to feel comfortable.”
More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work. In the United States, the change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual. In the early 1990s, many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday, but only on Friday. This became known as “dress-down Friday” or “casual Friday”. “What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing.” said business consultant Maisly Jones.
Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes? One reason is that it’s easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code. “A lot of young people don’t want to dress up for work,” says the owner of a software company, “so it’s hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code.” Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes. In a study conducted by Levi Strauss Company, 85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale(士气). Only 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative effect on productivity. Supporters of casual office wear also argue that a casual dress code helps them save money. “Suits are expensive, if you have to wear one every day,” one person said. “For the same amount of money, you can buy a lot more casual clothes.”
【小题1】David Smith refers to himself as having been “a clothes addict,” because __________.  

A.he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt
B.he couldn’t stand a clean appearance
C.he wanted his clothes to look neat all the time
D.he didn’t want to spend much money on clothes
【小题2】David Smith wears casual clothes now, because __________.  
A.they make him feel at ease when working
B.he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes
C.he looks handsome in casual clothes
D.he no longer works for any company
【小题3】According to this passage, which of the following statements is FALSE? 
A.Many employees don’t like a conservative dress code.
B.Comfortable clothes make employees more productive.
C.A casual clothes code is welcomed by young employees.
D.All the employers in the U.S. are for casual office wear.
【小题4】According to this passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?   
A.Company workers started to dress down about twenty years ago.
B.Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s.
C.“Dress-down Friday” was first given as a favor from employers.
D.Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people.
【小题5】In this passage, the following advantages of casual office wear are mentioned except __________.    
A.saving employees’ money
B.making employees more attractive
C.improving employees’ motivation
D.making employees happier

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