Whenever human populations have lived in forest areas, they have always cut down trees which they used for a number of purposes, for housing and ships and served as a source of heating fuel and timber. Growth of cities often meant expansion into forest areas, while even more trees were removed to provide space for agriculture. With the growing demand for paper, vast quantities of trees have also been cut down for paper production. These factors, along with many others, have been contributing to a dangerous phenomenon known as deforestation.

In the last 5,000 years, humans have reduced forest from roughly 50 percent of the earth’s land surface to less than 20 percent. Most of this original, or old growth, forest cover is concentrated in three large areas: the Canadian and Alaskan boreal forest, the boreal forest of Russia, and the tropical forest of the northwestern Amazon Basin and the Guyana Shield. These areas comprise almost 70 percent of the world’s remaining original forest cover. In most places, the rate of deforestation is increasing, with the alarming result of 16 million hectares disappearing worldwide every year.

Loss of forest does not just mean the decline of natural resources. There are several other factors that make deforestation seriously harmful to both the human and natural worlds. One of them is changes in the global climate. For example, forest clearance is releasing substantial volumes of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere as vegetation is burnt or decays. It has been suggested that this is a significant factor in global warming. Moreover, about 10 percent of the world’s tree species are in danger of extinction as a result of deforestation. Deforestation also threatens biological diversity through the destruction of wildlife habitats, which endangers a number of animal species and leads to their potential disappearance. Species are particularly easy to extinction in tropical rainforests because many species have few individuals per unit area, which makes reproduction more difficult. Finally, since forests play an important role in storing water and stabilizing soil, deforestation and the resulting change in land use cause soil erosion (腐蚀) and other forms of land degradation.

1.The passage discusses all of the following EXCEPT the ________.

    A. causes of deforestation              B. consequences of deforestation

    C. management of deforestation          D. rate of deforestation

2.  The word “diversity” in the last paragraph probably means “________”.

    A. variety                              B. expansion       

    C. development                      D. advantage

3.Why does the author mention fuel and timber in Paragraph 1?

    A. To explain the rate of deforestation.

    B. To compare them with housing and ships.

    C. To show the dangers of deforestation.

    D. To illustrate the causes of deforestation.

4.Which of the following sentences summarizes Paragraph 3 best?

    A. Deforestation threatens biological diversity.

B. Deforestation has many harmful consequences.

    C. Deforestation causes changes in global climate.

    D. Deforestation should be stopped.

完形填空

　　I like to be near water--sea, lake or river. That is probably 1 I was born in a village by the sea, and have lived most of my life close to water of 2 . When I am in some place which is 3 lake, river and sea. I am 4 and always feel that there is something missing 5 it is sometimes hard for me to decide what it is.

　　Of course, the sports I like are ones which 6 water--sailing, rowing and swimming, It is 7 to swim in small swimming-pools, but rowing and sailing are impossible 8 a lot of water. Rowing is best on a river, 9 sailing on the sea or a big lake, but 10 can do some sailing on a river, and one can 11 row on a lake or the sea when the weather is good.

　　Of the three sports--swimming, rowing and sailing, I like 12 best, because it is the easiest to 13 during the winter, when the water is too cold for 14 swimming and the sea is often too rough for sailing. 15 on the coldest days one can row: only hard 16 on the water, or thick fog stops one. Sometimes it is so cold when I go out rowing that 17 of water freeze wherever they fall. In such 18 , it is not very pleasant to swim: one cannot stay in the water very long; 19 , when one is rowing, one gets warmer the 20 one goes on.

1．

[　　]

A．why　　　　　　B．because

C．whether　　　　 D．how

2．

[　　]

A．some kind　　　B．the sea

C．the lake　　　　D．the river

3．

[　　]

A．close to　　　 B．nearby

C．on top of　　　D．far from

4．

[　　]

A．careless　　　B．restless

C．fearless　　　D．hopeless

5．

[　　]

A．in case　　　　B．as long as

C．even though　　D．as if

6．

[　　]

A．avoid　　　　　B．give

C．keep　　　　　 D．need

7．

[　　]

A．possible　　　B．uncomfortable

C．exciting　　　D．impossible

8．

[　　]

A．with　　　　　B．without

C．in　　　　　　D．on

9．

[　　]

A．and　　　　　　B．so

C．for　　　　　　D．when

10．

[　　]

A．they　　　　　 B．those

C．one　　　　　　D．it

11．

[　　]

A．suddenly　　　B．hardly

C．possibly　　　D．certainly

12．

[　　]

A．swimming　　　B．rowing

C．sailing　　　　D．skiing

13．

[　　]

A．practise　　　　B．exercise

C．carry　　　　　D．keep

14．

[　　]

A．fast　　　　　 B．slow

C．comfortable　　D．free

15．

[　　]

A．However　　　　B．Although

C．While　　　　　D．Even

16．

[　　]

A．wood　　　　　B．ice

C．boats　　　　　D．work

17．

[　　]

A．drops　　　　　B．plenty

C．lots　　　　　　D．pieces

18．

[　　]

A．air　　　　　　B．ways

C．weather　　　　D．manners

19．

[　　]

A．indeed　　　　 B．so

C．again　　　　　D．however

20．

[　　]

A．harder　　　　B．longer

C．better　　　　 D．slower

They           in Holland for ten years. Now they have settled down in Paris.

A. lived                             B. have lived                       C. had lived                          D. were living

Mr Brown and his wife expect that by the year 2015 they __________ in Beijing rather than in other cities. 

    A. are living     B. will be living   C. have lived      D. will have lived

 She knows so much about England. She ________ there before.

 A. must be       B. must have been     C. must live    D. must have lived in