What exactly is a lie? Is it anything we say which we know is untrue? Or is it something more than that? For example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you. You say, "I wish I could help you but I'm short of money myself." In fact you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you don't want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this. Is this really a lie?

    Professor Gerald Gullion of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying. According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a "white lie", such as a woman at a party telling another woman that she likes her dress when she really thinks it looks awful. However, this is only one side of the story. Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell more serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of fulfilling. This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at: the lie from which the liars hopes to profit or gain in some way.

Research has also been done into the changes of people’s behavior in a number of small, clearly unimportant ways when they lie. It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual. To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now”. They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose. One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure. The nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch (痒).

   Another gesture which gives away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Man Watching calls “the mouth cover”. He says there are several typical forms of this, such as covering part of the mouth with fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth. Such a gesture can be understood, as an unconscious attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying.

Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying. They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation. It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context in which the lie is told.

41. According to the passage, a “white lie” seems to be a lie _______.

   A. that other people have interest in

   B. that other people cannot believe

   C. told in order to avoid offending(冒犯) someone

   D. told in order to take advantage of someone

42. Research suggests that women _______.

A. are better at telling lies than men do

B. generally lie far more than men

C. often make promises they later break

D. lie at parties more often than men do

43. Researchers find that    when a person tells lies．

A. his or her blood pressure increases greatly

B. he or she looks very serious and moves about more

C. he or she tends to make small changes in his behavior

D. he or she uses his unconscious mind

44. One reason people sometimes rub their noses when they lie is that_______

   A.1ying causes a slight increase in blood pressure

   B. the nose is sensitive to physical changes caused by lying

   C. they want to cover their mouths

   D. they are trying to stop themselves from telling lies

45. Which of the following may best betray (出卖) a liar?

   A. The touching of the tip of one’s nose．

   B. The change of one’s behavior.

   C. “The mouth cover” gesture.

   D. The situations in which his lies are told．

It was my first day of high school, and I was late. My next class, German, scared me. I just could not speak that  21  . As the bell rang, I ran to the classroom.

At the door, a hand reached out and   22  mine firmly. I looked up. A man with large glasses smiled. He  23  himself as Tony, which means teacher in German.  24 , his warm smile and   25  words eased my fears. That year, I   26  his classes a great deal because I learned   27  just German.

I admit I only speak a little German.   28  I try to live out the life lessons I learned from Tony.

Every day Tony stood   29  his classroom before and after class to give his “hand hug”. After school his room was always filled with students and he would  30  to and chat with them—_31   those not in his class. He taught me that every person is  32  your time.

One time, I was rejected by my friends. Tony told me, “Linda, life gives you  33. But learning its lessons will turn those ashes to jewels.” Therefore, I learned to look at my troubles   _34   and not to fear any difficulty.

In my senior year, I  35  president of one of the school’s clubs, so I was very  36 . Many times I didn’t even have time to buy lunch. He served me by giving me his food as well as advice. He   37   out what he taught us to do:   38  others.

The author William Arthur Ward  39 : “The mediocre(平庸的) teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher  40 .” Thank you Tony, for inspiring me.

D
His first fight was for the equal rights of black people in South Africa. Then, as the first black president he fought to unite the country and organize the government. Now Nelson Mandela has set his sights on a new enemy, AIDS.
On March 19 the 82-year-old, former president, hosted his second AIDS-awareness concert. He warned that 25 million people in Africa were already infected with the fatal disease.
Mandela was born in a small village in South Africa in 1918. He was adopted (收养) by the chief of his tribe (部族) and could have been a chief himself and lived a happy country life.
But he refused to be a chief when his people lived under racial discrimination ( 种族歧视). He decided to fight for equal rights for all the people in South Africa. Before 1990, under the country’s Racial Segregation Law (种族隔离法), colored and white people lived separately. Black people were treated unfairly even when taking a bus. Blacks had to stand at the back of the bus to make room for white people even when there were only a few of them on board.
For his opposition (反对) to the system Mandela was arrested (被捕) and spent 27 years in prison. He was freed in 1990 and become the president of the country after the first elections were held in which everyone could vote.
Mandela was not only a political fighter who attacked with speeches. He was also a trained boxer (拳击手) and fought in the ring when he was young.
“ Although I did not enjoy the violence of boxing, I was interested in how one moved one’s body to protect oneself, how one used a strategy both to attack and retreat (撤退),” he wrote in his autobiography.
As a skillful fighter, he chose music as his weapon against AIDS. He hopes to win another victory against AIDS.
52．Nelson Mandela succeeded in doing the following except _____.
A. winning the equal rights for the black people in South Africa
B. uniting South Africa
C. organizing a government in South Africa
D. controlling the spread of AIDS
53．If Nelson Mandela hadn’t fought against racial discrimination, he _____.
A. could easily have been the president of South Africa
B. could still have lived a happy life
C. could have been in a difficult situation
D. would have been an excellent boxer
54．It can be inferred that Nelson Mandela _____.
A. continues to help the black people with the political struggle
B. is taking a position in a music group
C. is taking on the world’s greatest fight against AIDS
D. is preparing for the next election of president
55．Which statement can best describe the life of Nelson Mandela?
A. Struggle is his life.          B. Sports make his fame.
C. Fight for equal rights.        D. Great fighter against government.

His first fight was for the equal rights of black people in South Africa. Then, as the first black president he fought to unite the country and organize the government. Now Nelson Mandela has set his sights on a new enemy, AIDS.
On March 19 the 82-year-old, former president, hosted his second AIDS-awareness concert. He warned that 25 million people in Africa were already infected with the fatal disease.
Mandela was born in a small village in South Africa in 1918. He was adopted (收养) by the chief of his tribe (部族) and could have been a chief himself and lived a happy country life.
But he refused to be a chief when his people lived under racial discrimination ( 种族歧视). He decided to fight for equal rights for all the people in South Africa. Before 1990, under the country’s Racial Segregation Law (种族隔离法), colored and white people lived separately. Black people were treated unfairly even when taking a bus. Blacks had to stand at the back of the bus to make room for white people even when there were only a few of them on board.
For his opposition (反对) to the system Mandela was arrested (被捕) and spent 27 years in prison. He was freed in 1990 and become the president of the country after the first elections were held in which everyone could vote.
Mandela was not only a political fighter who attacked with speeches. He was also a trained boxer (拳击手) and fought in the ring when he was young.
“ Although I did not enjoy the violence of boxing, I was interested in how one moved one’s body to protect oneself, how one used a strategy both to attack and retreat (撤退),” he wrote in his autobiography.
As a skilful fighter, he chose music as his weapon against AIDS. He hopes to win another victory against AIDS.
【小题1】Nelson Mandela succeeded in doing the following except _____.

His first fight was for the equal rights of black people in South Africa. Then, as the first black president he fought to unite the country and organize the government. Now Nelson Mandela has set his sights on a new enemy, AIDS.
On March 19 the 82-year-old, former president, hosted his second AIDS-awareness concert. He warned that 25 million people in Africa were already infected with the fatal disease.
Mandela was born in a small village in South Africa in 1918. He was adopted (收养) by the chief of his tribe (部族) and could have been a chief himself and lived a happy country life.
But he refused to be a chief when his people lived under racial discrimination ( 种族歧视). He decided to fight for equal rights for all the people in South Africa. Before 1990, under the country’s Racial Segregation Law (种族隔离法), colored and white people lived separately. Black people were treated unfairly even when taking a bus. Blacks had to stand at the back of the bus to make room for white people even when there were only a few of them on board.
For his opposition (反对) to the system Mandela was arrested (被捕) and spent 27 years in prison. He was freed in 1990 and become the president of the country after the first elections were held in which everyone could vote.
Mandela was not only a political fighter who attacked with speeches. He was also a trained boxer (拳击手) and fought in the ring when he was young.
“ Although I did not enjoy the violence of boxing, I was interested in how one moved one’s body to protect oneself, how one used a strategy both to attack and retreat (撤退),” he wrote in his autobiography.
As a skilful fighter, he chose music as his weapon against AIDS. He hopes to win another victory against AIDS.
【小题1】Nelson Mandela succeeded in doing the following except _____.