摘要:考点3.被动语态的用法1).当我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁时.Those books are written for children.This jacket is made of cotton.2).动作的承受者是谈话的中心.并用介词by引导动作的执行者.Food is needed by us all .The room is cleaned by me every day .The book was translated into English by me .This song was written by a friend of mine .The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday evening .The tree was blown down by the strong wind .3).一些相当于及物动词的短语动词也可用于被动结构中.因此短语动词是一个不可分割的词组.不可丢掉后面的介词或副词.The child is taken good care of by his grandparents .Why can’t the word be looked up in this dictionary?The lights must be turned off .A short play will be put on at the party .4).带双宾语的主动语态变为被动语态时.可将其中的一个宾语变为被动句的主语.另一个不变.一般把间接宾语变为被动语态的主语显得自然些.把直接宾语留作被动句的宾语.如果把直接宾语变为被动句的主语.则要在间接宾语前加介词He gave me a book. →I was given a book →A book was given to me .5).主动句中动词make , let ,have ,see ,hear , feel 等后接不定式作宾语补足语时.动词不定式都需去掉to.即后接不带的动词不定式.但变为被动语态时.后面的不定式须加上to .I often hear her sing .→She is often heard to sing.His parents made him clean his teeth after every meal.→He was made to clean his teeth after every meal by his parents.6).疑问词作主语的句子变为被动语态.Who spoke English in the next room a moment ago ?→By whom was English spoken in the next room a moment ago ?Or: Who was English spoken by in the next room a moment ago?7)有些动词的主动语态表被动含义.

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阅读孟子《鱼我所欲也》选段,完成下面题目。(14分)
鱼,我所欲也;熊掌,亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼,舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生,亦我所欲也;义,亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼,舍生而取义者也。生亦我所欲,所欲有甚于生者,故不为苟得也;死亦我所恶,所恶有甚于死者,故患有所不辟也。如使人之所欲莫甚于生,则凡可以得生者何不用也?使人之所恶莫甚于死者,则凡可以辟患者何不为也?由是则生而有不用也,由是则可以辟患而有不为也。是故所欲有甚于生者,所恶有甚于死者。非独贤者有是心也,人皆有之,贤者能勿丧耳。
【小题1】指出文中的通假字并解释。(2分)
               解释                   
【小题2】下列画线词的意义完全相同的一项是(  )(2分)
A.屋俨然  鱼而取熊掌者也
B.故有所不辟也 且人志之不立
C.非独贤者有心也 进亦忧,退亦忧
D同舍皆被绮绣 是故所欲有甚于
【小题3】根据文段内容填空。(4分)
⑴选段中,作者将      比作鱼,将    比作熊掌,提出了他的主张:当二者不能两全时,应      
⑵孟子说:“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈,此之谓“大丈夫”与文段中的“    ”这个词含义相同。
【小题4】翻译下面的文言语句。(4分)
(1) 由是则生而有不用也,由是则可以辟患而有不为也。
(2)非独贤者有是心也,人皆有之,贤者能勿丧耳。
【小题5】孟子认为“非独贤者有是心也,人皆有之,贤者能勿丧耳。”请举出你所了解的一位“贤者”,并写出他的一句表明其气节的名句。(2分)
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