摘要: Skim text for overall meaning and scan for details

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阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填写表格 (每空限填一词)。

The following are taken from the book of Cambridge Real English Skills. They are very helpful in learning English.

Learning tip 1: When you read, it is not necessary to understand every word in the text. You only need to understand the parts of the text which contain (包含) the information you are looking for.

Learning tip 2: Scanning is when we read a text quickly to find a particular piece of information. We do not read every word. We stop reading when we find the information we want.

Learning tip 3: Make yourself ready for reading a text by thinking about the topic in your own language. This will help you to predict (预测) the content of the English text and working out the meaning of any unknown words.

Learning tip 4: Skimming is when we read a text quickly to find out what it is about or to get a general idea. We do not read every word. We get the main idea and we don’t pay attention to details.

Learning tip 5: When we read a text, we want to understand the writer’s message. To do this, we read silently. In real life, we sometimes read aloud—for example, we might read out something from a newspaper to a friend. Reading aloud does not help you to understand the message, but it helps you to practise the language.

Learning tip 6: As you read, try to work out the meaning of unknown words. Find other words in the text which might help you with the meaning of the word you do not know. Perhaps some other words in the text have the same meaning—or the opposite meaning. Only use a dictionary to check your guesses.

Learning tip 7: Your knowledge of grammar will not help you with the meaning of unknown words. But it will help you to decide whether words are nouns, verbs, etc. This will help you to link words in sentences and to read words in groups.

Learning tip 8: You can use either a dictionary with English and your language or a dictionary which has definitions in English. The main advantage of using a dictionary which has definitions in English is that you are working in English all the time. These dictionaries also explain the different meanings that one word can have, and they give lots of examples of how words are used.

  76   for Learning English

Ø         It is   77   to know every word in the text while you are reading. But sometimes you should try to   78   the meaning of some unknown words with the help of other words.

Ø         Scanning is a good   79   to help you find a particular piece of information when you read, but if you want to know the main idea of the text,   80   is very useful.

Ø         Don’t always   81   a dictionary when you read a text, but think about the topic in your own language   82   reading the text, for it will help you know the meaning of unknown words.

Ø         If we just want to understand the writer’s message, we do   83   reading. But reading aloud is   84   for you to practise the language.

Ø         The knowledge of grammar can help to link words in sentences and to read words in groups, and a dictionary which has definitions in English can   85   you how words are used.

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Short and shy, Ben Saunders was the last kid in his class picked for any sports team. "Football, tennis Cricket — anything with a round ball, I was useless." he says now with a laugh. But back then he was the object of jokes in school gym classes in England’s rural Devonshire.
It was a mountain bike he received for his 15th birthday that changed him. At first the teen went biking alone in a nearby forest. Then he began to cycle along with a runner friend. Gradually, Saunders set his mind building up his body, increasing his speed, strength and endurance. At age 18, he ran his first marathon.
The following year, he met John Ridgway, who became famous in the 1960s for rowing an open boat across the Atlantic Ocean. Saunders was hired as an instructor at Ridgway’s school of Adventure in Scotland, where he learned about the older man’s cold-water exploits (成就). Intrigued, Saunders read all he could about Arctic explorers and North Pole expeditions, then decided that this would be his future. Journeys to the Pole aren’t the usual holidays for British country boys, and many people dismissed his dream as fantasy. "John Ridgway was one of the few who didn’t say, ’You are completely crazy,’" Saunders says.
In 2001, after becoming a skilled skier, Saunders started his first long-distance expedition toward the North Pole. He suffered frostbite, had a closer encounter (遭遇) with a polar bear and pushed his body to the limit.
Saunders has since become the youngest person to ski alone to the North Pole, and he’s skied more of the Arctic by himself than any other Briton. His old playmates would not believe the transformation.
This October, Saunders, 27, heads south to explore from the coast of Antarctica to the South Pole and back, an 1800-mile journey that has never been completed on skis.
【小题1】The turning point in Saunders’ life came when ________.

A.he started to play ball games
B.he got a mountain bike at age 15
C.he ran his first marathon at age 18
D.he started to receive Ridgway’s training
【小题2】We can learn from the text that Ridgway ________.
A.dismissed Saunders’ dream as fantasy
B.built up his body together with Saunders
C.hired Saunders for his cold-water experience
D.won his fame for his voyage across the Atlantic
【小题3】What do we know about Saunders?
A.He once worked at a school in Scotland.
B.He followed Ridgway to explore the North Pole.
C.He was chosen for the school sports team as a kid.
D.He was the first Briton to ski alone to the North Pole.
【小题4】The underlined word "Intrigued" in the third paragraph probably means ________.
A.ExcitedB.ConvincedC.DelightedD.Fascinated
【小题5】It can be inferred that Saunders’ journey to the North Pole ________.
A.was accompanied by his old playmates
B.set a record in the North Pole expedition
C.was supported by other Arctic explorers
D.made him well-known in the 1960s

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Three kids have been learning chemistry for only a few months. But they have already begun to challenge (挑战) a world famous scientist!
Li Weichi, Huang Runling, and Xiao Yan are from Zhongshan Huaqiao Middle School in Guangdong. They have just found a red cabbage that could be a new kind of acid-base indicator (酸碱指示剂). They want it to take the place of litmus (石蕊) paper.
"We've learnt to think of and ask questions about life by ourselves," said Li, "We work well with each other."
British scientist Robert Boyle discovered the use of litmus paper over 300 years ago. Now it is used widely in experiments all over the world.
But when the kids did some experiments in class last winter, they saw that the litmus paper didn’t turn very blue with base matter. It's hard to get a clear result.
Will there be a better indicator than litmus paper? The three kids decided to try and find out!
How? They went to collect over 40 plants in parks, gardens and markets. Then they ground (研磨) leaves, flowers and stems (茎) to get the pigments (色素) from them.
The kids mixed pigments with acid and base. They spent months watching carefully to see which paper showed the best color change. They decided it was the litmus paper!
"It's our first scientific journey, Huang said, "But it makes me want to try harder."
【小题1】Whom did the three kids want to challenge?
A.Their chemistry teacher.
B.Their headmaster.
C.Robert Boyle
D.Thomas Edison
【小题2】From the text, a red cabbage is a kind of ____.
A.plantB.animalC.paperD.liquid
【小题3】What is widely used as the acid-base indicator now?
A.red cabbageB.litmus paper
C.any plantD.any flower
【小题4】The story mainly tells us ____.
A.how to make litmus paper
B.about the three kids' spirit
C.scientists were wrong
D.the kids are heroes
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