Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee. And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea. The physical sensation of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions—those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A. Bargh.

    Psychologists have known that one person’s perception (知觉) of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships. Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping (打败) evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable. Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness. Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle. Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills.

Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal. Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries.

To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students. A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses (假定), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form. The drink was then handed back. After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description. Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink.

“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh.

1. In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to _______.

　　A. evaluate someone’s personality

　　B. write down their hypotheses

　　C. fill out a personal information form

　　D. hold coffee and cold drink alternatively

2.We can infer from the passage that _______.

　　A. abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences

　　B. feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide

　　C. physical temperature affects how we see others

　　D. capable persons are often cold to others

3.What would be the best title for the passage?

　　A. Drinking for Better Social Relationships

　　B. Experiments of Personality Evaluation

　　C. Developing Better Drinking Habits

　　D. Physical Sensations and Emotions

Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is 　36　   for children to work at home in their free time.  　37　  ， they argue that most teachers do not   　38　   plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The result is that pupils have to   　39　  tasks which they have already done at school.

Recently in Greece， many parents   　40　   about the difficult homework which teachers gave to their children. The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time， and they wanted to   　41　   it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework recently. In Denmark， Germany and several other countries in Europe， teachers cannot   　42　   homework at weekends. In Holland， teachers allow pupils to stay at school to do their homework. The children are   　43　   to help one another. Similar   　44　   also exists in some British schools.

Most people agree that homework is not   　45　  . A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and   　46　   room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small， noisy room with the television on. Some parents help their children with their homework. Other parents take no   　47　   at all in their children’s homework.

A.unnecessary       B.uninteresting C.unfortunate      D.unimportant

A.Nevertheless      B.However    C.Therefore          D.Moreover

A.considerably      B.favorably   C.properly           D.pleasantly

A.finish                B.repeat     C.attend               D.accomplish

A.quarreled       B.puzzled      C.explored           D.complained

A.delay              B.stop           C.block                D.prove

A.design               B.draft          C.do                    D.set  

A.forbidden       B.free           C.desperate          D.afraid

A.schedule         B.mistake      C.arrangement      D.behavior

A.fair                B.average      C.balanced           D.comparative

A.furnished        B.expensive   C.comfortable      D.suitable

A.interest              B.curiosity    C.notice               D.attention

Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is 　36　   for children to work at home in their free time.  　37　  ， they argue that most teachers do not   　38　   plan the homework tasks they give to pupils. The result is that pupils have to   　39　  tasks which they have already done at school.

Recently in Greece， many parents   　40　   about the difficult homework which teachers gave to their children. The parents said that most of the homework was a waste of time， and they wanted to   　41　   it. Spain and Turkey are two countries which stopped homework recently. In Denmark， Germany and several other countries in Europe， teachers cannot   　42　   homework at weekends. In Holland， teachers allow pupils to stay at school to do their homework. The children are   　43　   to help one another. Similar   　44　   also exists in some British schools.

Most people agree that homework is not   　45　  . A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and   　46　   room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small， noisy room with the television on. Some parents help their children with their homework. Other parents take no   　47　   at all in their children’s homework.

1.A.unnecessary        B.uninteresting C.unfortunate      D.unimportant

2.A.Nevertheless       B.However    C.Therefore            D.Moreover

3.A.considerably        B.favorably    C.properly               D.pleasantly

4.A.finish            B.repeat     C.attend                  D.accomplish

5.A.quarreled       B.puzzled       C.explored              D.complained

6.A.delay                B.stop             C.block                     D.prove

7.A.design                   B.draft            C.do                          D.set   

8.A.forbidden        B.free              C.desperate                     D.afraid

9.A.schedule          B.mistake      C.arrangement      D.behavior

10.A.fair                 B.average      C.balanced              D.comparative

11.A.furnished                B.expensive   C.comfortable        D.suitable

12.A.interest              B.curiosity     C.notice                   D.attention

　　“It hurts me more than you. ”and “This is for your own good.” These are the statements my mother used to make years ago when I had to learn Latin, clean my room, stay home and do homework.

　　That was before we entered the permissive period in education in which we decided it was all right not to push our children to achieve their best in school.

　　The schools and the educators made it easy for us. They thought that it was right to be parents who take a let alone policy. We stopped making our children do homework. We gave them calculators (计算器), turned on the television, left the teaching to the teachers and went on vacation.

　　Now teachers, having taught many children who have been developing at their own step for the past 15 years, are realizing we've made a terrible mistake. Sharon Klompus is such a teacher who thinks her students “so passive” and wonders what happened. Nothing was demanded of them. She believes that Television contributes to children's passivity. “We' re not training kids to work any more,” says Klompus. “We' re talking about a generation of kids who've never been hurt or hungry. They have learned somebody will always do it for them. Instead of saying'go and look it up', you tell them the answer. It takes greater energy to say no to a kid.”

　　Yes, it does. It takes energy and it takes work. It's time for parents to end their vecation and come back to work. It's time to take the car away, to turn the TV off, to tell them it hurts you more than them but it's for their own good. It's time to start telling them no again.

1．Children are becoming more inactive in study because______.

　　A. they watch TV too often      　　  B. they have done too much homework

　　C. they have to fulfil too many duties　　D. teachers are too strict with them

2． To such children as described in the passage_______.

　　A. it is easier to say no than to say yes　　B. neither is easy to say yes or to say no

　　C. it is easier to say yes than to say no　　D. neither is difficult to say yes or to say no

3．. We learn from the passage that the author's mother used to play emphasis on______.

　　A. learning Latin　　B. natural development　　C. discipline   D. education at school

4．. By "permissive period in education" the author means a time______.

　　A. when children are allowed to do what they wish to　　

　　B. when everything can be taught at school

　　C. when every child can be educated       　　

　　D. when children are permitted to receive education

5．. The main idea of the passage is that______.

　　A. parents should leave their children alone　

　　B. kids should have more activities at school

　　C. it's time to be more strict with our kids 

　　D. parents should always set a good example to their kids