2. 简述自己和他人的经历 　分两步进行练习： 　1) 让学生们完成自己的简历，写清楚时间、地点、当时所做的事情或身份。 　2) 将学生分成两组，A组和B组。两组成员数量相同，并分别在对方组互相指定一名交谈者。分别让A组的成员向B组相对应的成员叙述自己的经历，同时B组相应同学做好记录，然后，B组同学复述A组同学的经历。再分别交换角色，由B组叙述，A组复述。

　注意提醒同学，一般过去时和现在完成时的使用应准确，叙述他人的经历时，应注意他/她本人叙述时的用词和所用时态。

1. 看图说话 　向学生展示两幅关于环境的图片，其中，一幅是未受污染的环境，一幅是受污染的环境。让学生观察并对比它们，看看哪一幅beautiful，哪一幅是已受污染的环境。然后完成对Bad Environment和Good Environment的描述，以及人们曾对这种环境做过什么。

　可提供下列词汇与词组： 　pour, waste, dirty, clean, terrible, do no harm, write a book on the environment, pick up rubbish, collect rubbish, keep/make the place clean/dirty，damaged badly, in public place, it seems like, it is our duty to, plant tree, improve, recycle, make a contribution to，etc.

3．注意现在完成时和一般过去时的区别。 　A．一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没有什么联系。现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响，结果。例如： 　　He cleaned the room an hour ago. 他一小时前打扫了房间。 　　He has cleaned the room. You see, it's very clean now. 　　他打扫了房间。你瞧，现在挺干净的。 　B．当句子有表示过去具体时间的状语时，通常用一般过去时。现在完成时不能与确定的过去时间状语连用。例如： 　　We learned Lesson 4 last week. 我们上星期学了第4课。 　　不能用We have learned lesson 4 last week.

关于训练听说读写能力的教学建议 　一、听力训练 　除了课堂的听力训练以外，可以提供给学生一些关于现在完成时的听力练习，完成一些替换练习、完成句子、回答问题等。在复习了前三单元内容的同时，还能达到了能让学生听懂相关语法的语句，并灵活运用现在完成时和一般过去时来回答问题。所涉及的范围可以包括以时间点为线索的描述过去经历、简历求职、假期生活等。 二、口语训练

2．现在完成时与动词的延续性 　(1)for 和since时间状语与现在完成时连用，表示从过去某一时间开始并一直延续到现在的情况，因此谓语部分不能用非延续性动词，常见的非延续性动词有： close, leave, see, come, hear, buy, borrow, begin(start), join, die, finish等。 　(2)在否定句中非延续性动词可以与for或since引导的表示段时间的状语连用，如：I haven't seen him for a long time.(此句是否定句，非延续性动词see与for a long time连用)

8．… need to do better in protecting the environment. 需要在保护环境方面做得更好。 　do well in在某方面干得好。do better in在某方面干得更好。 　在in后面加名词或动名词。例： 　He does well in playing football．他足球踢得很好。 　9．延续性动词与非延续性动词 　(1) 延续性动词 　　表示动作能够持续发生一段时间的动词。如： 　　be, have, know, work, live, study, teach, speak, talk, draw, wait, wear, walk, sleep等。 　　Miss Gao has been here since 7:00. 　　高小姐七点起就到这儿了。(此句中不能用arrived或come) 　　I have had the bike for five years． 　　这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。(不能用bought) 　(2) 非延续性动词 　　表示一个动作刚刚发生即告结束。如： 　　come, go, arrive, reach, see, hear, close, leave, begin, start, lose, fall, join, die, get up等。它们可以用于完成时态的第一种，说明某个动作的结果还存在。但它们不可以用于完成时态的第二种。 　　Grandpa Wang has died. 王大爷已经去世了。 　　The film has begun．电影已经开映。(现正放映) 　　这类动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：要表达"王大爷已经去世两年了"应这样写：Grandpa Wang has been dead for two years. 而不能写成： 　　Grandpa Wang has died for two years. 　　注：在for+时间段或 since+时间点的词组或句子上进行画线部分提问要用how long。同时用how long开始的句子中的谓语要用延续性的动词(时态不限)。

关于现在完成时的讲解 　1．表示过去发生或己经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 　现在完成时的常用副词是never"从来没，不"，ever"曾经"，just"刚刚"，already"已经"，yet"已经，仍然"。其中already通常用有肯定句中，yet通常用在否定句和疑问句中。yet在否定句中要译成"仍然"，"还"，在疑问句里要译成"已经"。 　(1)常already, just和yet等连用，如： 　　一Have you finished your work yet? 你做完你的工作了吗? 　　一Yes. I have. I've just finished it. 我做完了，我刚做完。 　　I've already finished it. 我已经完成了。 　　I haven't finished it yet.我还没做完。 　(2)也可与ever, never连用 　　-Have you ever been to the park? 你曾去过那个公园吗? 　　-Yes, I have. / No, I haven't, I have never been to the park. 　　是的，我去过。/不，我没去过，我从未去过那个公园。

7. The more trees, the better的结构 　这里是"the more，the more…"句型表述结构，它的意思是"越多越好；越……，越……"。例如： 　Start your work, the sooner, the better. 　开始工作吧，越快越好。 　The more I think of it, the happier I am. 　我越想越高兴： 　The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 　你越用功，进步就越大。 　The longer we stayed there, the more we like the people there. 　我们在那里呆得越久，越喜欢那里的人民。 　注意：在"the more…，the more"这个句型中，"the"不能省略。

5．It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy. 保持我们的环境干净整洁是我们的责任。 　(1)it在这里是形式主语，真正的主语是"to keep our environment clean and tidy" 　　又如：It's a pleasant way to help keep our city clean. 　(2)keen后面可跟带现在分词的复合结构。如： 　　He kept me waiting for a long time yesterday．他昨天让我等了很长时间。 　　keep后面也可跟带形容词的复合结构。如： 　　You should take more exercise to keep you healthy．你应该多运动来保持健康。 　6．If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 如果每人都对保护环境做出贡献，那么世界将变得更加美丽。 　make a contribution to…意思是"对……做贡献，捐赠"。to是介词后跟名词或动词的-ing形式。例如： 　(l)Thomas made a great contribution to the world．托马斯·爱迪生对世界做出了很大的贡献。 　(2)It is our duty to make a contribution to protecting the environment．为环境保护做贡献是我们的责任。 　　make是英语中非常活跃的动词之一，和不同的词搭配具有不同的含义。又如： 　　make a face做鬼脸 make a living谋生 　　make a mistake犯错误 make friends with交朋友 　　make fun of开玩笑 make one's way挤出一条路 　　make room for让座 make up one's mind下决心 　My friend Emma made fun of my job once time. She said that my job is rather making a living than career manage. I made up my mind to run my company successfully, which could make her realize she had made such a mistake. Then I made my way in mass society. I made good as a manager. I stay here and make sure that I have made a go of the business. I make of what Emma have done for me, luckily, I made friend with her.

3. As soon as other people hear it, they go out with their rubbish and throw it in. 　当人们一听到它，他们就出来把垃圾扔进去。 　as soon as -……就……，引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作紧跟从句的动作发生。必须注意 as soon as possible(one can)，它表示"尽可能快地"。 　[例] 　(1)He'll write to me as soon as he gets to Beijing． 　　他一到北京就会给我写信。 　(2)You should do your work as soon as possible． 　　你应尽快地做事。 　4. … taking care of our environment is very important. 保护好我们的环境是非常重要的。 　(1) take care of保护，照顾，保管。如： 　Please take good care of your books. 请保管好你们的书。 　Can you take care of my baby while I'm away? 我出去时你能为我照顾我的孩子吗？ 　(2) "Taking care of our environment" 在这里是动名词短语作主语。也可以说：　It's very important to take care of our environment.

2. Businessmen are afraid of newspapers and TV stations. 生意人害怕报纸和电台。 　be afraid of… 意思是"害怕……"。afraid是形容词，在句中只能作表语，后跟名词或动词的-ing形式(指自己不能决定而突然发生的事)，与frightened的意思相同。be afraid后也可跟动词不定式表示"害怕做某事"即：be afraid to do sth.。另外，afraid后还可跟that引导的宾语从句，意思是"担心，恐怕"。例如： 　(1)I am afraid of mice. 我害怕老鼠。 　(2)Don't be afraid of making mistakes. 不要怕犯错误。 　(3)I'm afraid to tell her the truth. 我不敢告诉她真相。 　(4)I am afraid you are ill. 恐怕你是病了。 　(5 )I'm afraid (that) we may not catch the train. 我担心我们可能赶不上火车。

3.. 交际英语 　对约会或预约的肯定回答： 　Yes, what's it? 　Yes, I'll be probably free them. 　Any time on workday at my office is all right. 　I don't have anything particular on Wednesday. 　Let's make it 9:15/the day after tomorrow. 　I'll be waiting for you here. 　Let's meet in the park. 　OK, that's settled then. 　I'll meet you at the theatre at seven.

　对约会或预约的否定答复： 　No, I'm not free then, I am afraid. 　I'm afraid I can't make it next Monday. 　I don't think I can. 　I'm afraid I'll be quite busy then. 　There is nothing before Sunday, I am afraid. 　I'm afraid I'll be filled up this week. 　I'm afraid I can't meet you here. 　I'm sorry, but. . . won't be so convenient for me.

本单元重点难点分析 　1．have been (to) 与 have gone (to) have been与have gone都表示现在完成时态，表明动作已经发生了，但它们之间的含义是有不同的。 　1)"have been in + 地点名词"或者"have been + 表位置的副词"含义是"在某地呆得过多久"。例如： 　Mr Zhang has been in this school for ten years．He knows everyone here. 　张先生在这所学校呆了十年。 　I have been here since I began to work．It's just like my home. 　我工作以来一直呆在这里。 　2)"have been to +地点名词"表示"曾经到某地去过(多少次)"。例如： 　Miss Brown has been to China twice．That's why she speaks Japanese very well. 　布朗小姐来过中国两次。 　Have you ever been here before? 　你以前到过这儿吗？ 　3)"have gone to +地点名词"或"have gone + 表位置的副词"其含义是"到某地去了"(人已不在此地)，注意：这种结构不用于第一人称，也不用于第二人称，它仅用于第三人称。请看下面一段对话： 　A: Where's Tom? 　B: He's gone to the shop. 　A: Has Mary gone there with him? 　B: No, she hasn't. 　A：汤姆在哪里？ 　B：他到商店去了。 　A：玛丽跟他去了吗？ 　B：没有。