阅读文章，选出问题的最佳选项。

　　Almost every day we come across situations in which we have to make decisions one way or another．Choice, we are given to believe, is a right．But for a good many people in the world, in rich and poor countries, choice is a luxury, something wonderful but hard to get, not a right．And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, a false idea created by companies and advertisers, hoping to sell their products．

　　The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people's lives．Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple．Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away, or just buying an unsuitable item(商品)that is not really wanted．Recent studies in England have shown that many electrical goods bought in almost every family are not really needed．More difficult decision－making is then either avoided or trusted into the hands of the professionals, lifestyle instructors, or advisors．

　　It is not just the availability of the goods that is the problem, but the speed with which new types of products come on the market．Advances in design and production help quicken the process．Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time．The typical example is computers, which are almost

　　out－of－date once they are bought．This indeed makes selection a problem．Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing; no choice, no anxiety．

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阅读文章，选出问题的最佳选项。

　　Are you sometimes a little tired and sleepy in the early afternoon? Many people feel this way after lunch．They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness．Or, in summer, they may think It is the heat, However, the real reason lies inside their bodies．At that time－about eight hours after you wake up－your body temperature goes down．This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy．Scientists have tested sleep habits in experiments where there was no night or day．The people in these experiments almost always followed a similar sleeping pattern．They slept for one long period and then for one short period about eight hours later．

　　In many parts of the world, people take naps(小睡)in the middle of the day This is especially true in warmer climates, where the heat makes work difficult in the early afternoon．Researchers are now saying that naps are good for everyone in any climate．A daily nap gives one a more rested body and mind and therefore is good for health in general．In countries where naps are traditional, people often suffer less from problem such as heart disease．

　　Many working people, unfortunately, have no time to take naps．Though doctors may advise taking naps, employers do not allow it! If you do have the chance, however, here are a few tips about making the most of your nap．Remember that the best time to take a nap is about eight hours

　　after you get up．A short sleep too late in the day may only make you feel more tired and sleepy afterward．This can also happen if you sleep for too long．If you do not have enough time, try a short nap－even ten minutes of sleep can be helpful．

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阅读文章，选出问题的最佳选项。

　　RichardSolo 1800 Rechargeable Battery

　　In just minutes a day, plug in and charge your iPhone quickly!

　　Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up．At your desk, or at dinner, plug RichardSolo into iPhone to instantly transfer charge．No more battery worries．RichardSolo will charge iPhone to full 1.5 times, and it is good for 3－5 years of recharges．

　　Use the iPhone while charging it．Even charge the RichardSolo 1800 and iPhone together at the same time．Take only one charger when traveling and wake up in the morning with the RichardSolo and the iPhone charged．

　　RichardSolo 1800 is largest in its class and holds its charge for months．Work with almost all iPhone cases．

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阅读理解

　　Childhood is happy time, right? Not necessarily．Consider these facts．

　　Depression may occur in as many as 1 in 33 children．

　　Once a child has an episode of depression, he or she has a 50％ chance of experiencing another episode in the next 5 years．

　　Suicide is the 6^th leading cause of death for 5－to－15－year－olds．

　　If your child experiences 5 or more of these signs or symptoms for at least 2 weeks, he or she may be experiencing depression or another mental illness．

　　Sometimes, a child who causes problems at school or at home may actually be depressed, according to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry．If you think your child may be depressed, it's important to have him or her treated．Discuss your child's problems with his or her doctor．The doctor may suggest a referral to a children's psychologist or psychiatrist．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee．And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you're holding a large glass of iced tea．The physical sensation(感觉)of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions –those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A．Bargh．

　　Psychologists have known that one person's perception(感知)of another's “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships．Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable．Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies' conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness．Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed mondeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle．Harlow's work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for worm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills．

　　Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal．Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries．

　　To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students．A research assistant who was unaware of the study's hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form．The drink was then handed back．After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description．Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink．

　　“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly．” Says Bargh．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household a child or children, and a job outside the home as well．It all adds up to a busy lift．How is it going for them – for us?

　　Demographers have observed that life forms a different sort of pyramid for women in China than in the United States．In China, nearly all young mothers are employed outside the home, with their numbers tapering off as women approach old age．The reasons are clean the second income of the woman is an absolute necessity for a young family with a child or two．Later on, when the children are grown, the older couple can more easily live on the husband's earnings plus the wife's pension, and fewer middle－aged women continue in employment．

　　The pyramid for American women is the opposite, with fewer young women employed, and the number increasing at older ages．any young mothers have found it more efficient to stay home and care for the children themselves, then find employment later when the children are older and more independent．But rising costs of living are requiring more young American women to help support and have jobs．They enjoy the adult relationships with others at work and feel stimulated by the demands and challenges of being employed．Staying at home with only a child or two, as even American family size is now, can be monotonous and lonely．Furthermore, a woman's paycheck can provide her with stronger voting power in family matters．

　　But the American working mother often feels troubled by the complexity of her lift．Childcare is unreliable and expensive．Childcare workers have low status, are not well educated and are poorly paid－they are often women unable to get better jobs．Thus the American working mother always has the worry that her child is not being as well cared for as she hopes, and the cost of babysitters or private－enterprise daycare centers can eat up half or more of her salary．Other worries distract her from good performance at her job： What if the babysitter gets sick? What will her employer think if she has to stay home with a sick child? What if the car, necessary to get the child to the daycare center and herself to and from her job, breaks down? Few people live close enough to their work of childcare center to accomplish this on foot or by bicycle, as in China．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Why does cream go bad faster than butter? Some researchers think they have the answer, and it comes down to the structure of the food, not its chemical composition－a finding that could help break away from some chemicals．Cream and butter contain pretty much the same things, so why cream should go bad much faster has been a problem．Both are small globules(小球)of one liquid which spreads throughout another．The difference lies in what's in the globules and what's in the surrounding liquid, says Brocklehurst, who led the research．In cream, fatty globules drift about in a sea of water．In butter, globules of a watery roads are locked away in a sea of fat．The bacteria(细菌)which make the food go bad prefer to live in the watery areas of the mixture．“This means that in cream, the bacteria are free to grow throughout the mixture,” he says, “when in butter, the bacteria are locked away in locked places buried deep in the sea of fat．Trapped in this way, those colonies cannot spread and rapidly run out．They also slowly poison themselves with their waste products．” “In butter, you get a self－limiting system which stops the bacteria growing．” says Brocklehurst．The researchers are already working with food companies eager to see if their products can be made to stand bacterial attack through changes of the food's structure．

　　Brockelehurst believes it will be possible to make something used in salad cream, for instance, more like that in butter．The key will be to do this while keeping the salad cream liquid and not turning it into a solid state．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

　　Leaving a tip in a restaurant has become a custom in most countries．The word “tip” came from the Latin word “Grais”, meaning free．Tips are defined as small gifts of money for service in addition to the payment due．

　　Believe it or not, the practice of tipping has a little interesting history．The custom can be traced back to the Roman era．The Romans were the first civilization to use coins．It is possible that the word “tip” came from the word “stipend” ．“Stips” in Latin means gift．A more common belief is tips were first given in the 18th century England．A popular coffee house equipped each table with a coin box．The label of each box read, “To insure promptness．” Dropping a coin into the box would result in quick service．Also, the first letter of each word is T．I．P．－tip．

　　In America and Europe, it is customary to tip anywhere from 10％ to 20％．Taxi drivers, waiters in restaurants, waitresses in lounges, hotel boys, doormen, and disco coat check girls, all expect a little something．People working at these jobs usually receive a low basic salary．Tips are quite necessary to supplement their income．Today most people decide the size of tip according to the quality of the service．If the service and food are not satisfactory, a small tip or possibly no tip will be left．For excellent food and service most people are quite happy to leave a tip．

　　The world is full of big spenders and people who act like big spenders．Surprisingly, rich people are not “big tippers” unless entertaining guests．It is no use showing off if nobody is there to watch, right? Many throw money around like water to impress a group of friends out for an evening “on the town” ．People who usually cannot afford it are the biggest tippers in front of their friends．It is all part of the show to prove a certain level of social success．Nobody wants to look cheap, stingy, or poor in front of their friends．Over－tipping also gives some satisfaction just to see the waiter's reaction．

　　For whatever reason, tipping will continue to be practiced in most countries．Tipping does have its place in our modern society．It will also remain a somewhat personal expression of gratitude．

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

An intelligence tester among the Kentucky “poor whites” presented the following problem to a boy being tested： “If you went to the store and bought six cents’ worth of sweets and gave the shop assistant 10 cents, what change would you receiver?” The boy replied, “I never had 10 cents, and if I had I wouldn't spend it on sweets, and anyhow sweets are what you mother makes．” The intelligence tester tried again, presenting the problem in the following way： “If you had taken 10 cows to pasture for your father and six of them ran away, how many would you have left to drive home?” The boy replied, “We don't have 10 cows, but if we did and I lost six, I wouldn't dare go home．”

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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

　　One of the most fascinating questions about human behavior is that each person is different from all others．The answer to this question would explain the aspect of human nature called personality．Some theories assume that inborn characteristics determine human personality．Many observers have hypothesized that each person has a dominant temperament, present from birth, that influences his or her behavior during an entire lifetime．According to one of these theories, people can be classified into four basic types： sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic and melancholic．Each type or temperament is characterized by a unique set of possible strengths and possible weaknesses．

　　Sanguine people are described as the most outgoing of the four temperaments．They are warm, fun－loving, and like the company of others．Because of these strengths, it is said that sanguines often make good salesmen, actors, or public speakers．Sanguines, however, may have some serious weaknesses．Their problem often come from their lack of discipline．Easily distracted, they often lack the concentration to complete a job or other people may not trust them．

　　Choleric people, are quite different from the carefree, emotional sanguines．Because of their strong will, decisiveness(果断), and productivity, cholerics are natural leaders who are good at making vast plans and motivating other people to help them carry out their plans．They are often successful in business, industry, or politics．Choleric weaknesses can be very damaging, however．Because a strong desire to lead, they can be cruel and cold towards those who do not wish to follow．They often do not listen to advice from others, and once they make a decision, they may became hostile towards anyone who questioning that decision．

　　Phlegmatics are calm, easy－going people who strive for efficiency and organization．Very diplomatic and polite, they make people feel comfortable and generally help keep things running smoothly．For these reasons, they make good teachers, technicians, etc．Phlegmatics, however, often have weaknesses that keep them from becoming successful．Afraid to take chances, they may avoid taking any steps to improve their position in life．

　　Melancholics are often considered to be gifted persons who possess creative talent．They are very analytical and able to understand complicated processes and to note detail．These people can make good doctors, scientists, artists, writers, and musicians．Melancholics are also said to be loyal, idealistic and self－sacrificing．However, melancholics frequently make themselves miserable because they tend to be negative and critical, and put up inflexible standards．They attach importance to everything they do, so they worry too much and see problems everywhere, and complain too much．They often become disappointed because neither they nor the people around them can live up to their high standards．

　　Explaining human personality in terms of innate temperaments is a theory that has not been generally accepted by psychologists．They criticize it for being too simplistic and unscientific．This may be so：however, present－day psychologists have been unable to formulate a single theory．

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