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　　The earliest men did not have much time for art; they faced many dangers, and hunting for food took 　　1　　 almost all their time．But after many thousands of years perhaps a million years or more they became very good hunters, and 　　2　　 gave them a little free time which they could use for other things．A few of them began to paint on the walls of the caves 　　3　　 they lived．Many early artists painted animals, 　　4　　 these were the most important things in their lives．Animals supplied 　　5　　 to keep them living, and skins to keep them 　　6　　．

　　Like painters 　　7　　, the early artists possibly painted for many 　　8　　．Perhaps they wanted to give their cave a little brightness and color; perhaps they had a few special ideas which they could 　　9　　 most easily in a painting; perhaps they 　　10　　 wanted to spend a little time in a pleasant way．Many of them believed in magic(巫术),and they often drew animals which were caught．They hoped that by drawing these things, they would make them really appear．

　　People have discovered cave paintings in many parts of the world．The earliest that we know about are in Europe．Because of the cool weather, the early men in Europe used the caves for shelter(隐蔽处); in many warmer parts of the world this was not necessary．We know quite a lot about the dates of the European paintings, and we believe that the earliest ones were painted about thirty thousand years ago．

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　　Jimmy started painting when he was three years old, and when he was five he was already very 　　1　　 at it．He painted many beautiful and interesting 　　2　　, and a lot of people bought 　　3　　 pictures．They said, “This boy is going to be 　　4　　 when he’s a little older, and then we’re going to 　　5　　 these pictures for a lot more money．” Jimmy’ s pictures were different 　　6　　 other people’s because he 　　7　　 painted on all of the paper．He painted on 　　8　　 of it, and the other half was always 　　9　　．

　　“That’s very clever,” everybody said．“　　10　　 painters have ever done that!”　　11　　 day somebody bought one of Jimmy’s pictures and then said to him, “Please 　　12　　 me this, Jimmy．Why do you 　　13　　 on the bottom half of the pictures, but not on the 　　14　　 half?”

　　“Because I’m 　　15　　,” Jimmy said, “and my brushes don’t reach very high．”

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　　On the night of the play．Jack was at the theater early and he was already dressed in a policeman’s clothes long 　　1　　 the end of the first scene．He certainly looked the part all right he thought as he 　　2　　 himself in the mirror．He 　　3　　 thought of going out into the street to see 　　4　　 he could pass as 　　5　　 out there．Just for 　　6　　, of course．

　　Then he suddenly felt nervous．After all it was his first time to 　　7　　 a part in a play．　　8　　 could he face all those people 　　9　　 the play?He put his head in his hands and tried to 　　10　　 his lines(台词),but nothing 　　11　　 to his mind．

　　A knock on the door made him look 　　12　　．He was to go on stage(舞台)in the second scene．“Have I 　　13　　 my part and ruined(破坏)the play for everybody?” he thought to himself．But 　　14　　 was only the manager．She 　　15　　 how nervous he was and 　　16　　 he should stand near the stage 　　17　　 he could watch and follow the play．It was a good 　　18　　 of getting rid of his nervousness she said．She was right, it seemed to 　　19　　．In fact the more he watched the play, the 　　20　　 he felt himself part of it．

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　　Pop is short for popular, and popular means “of or for the people”．The Pop Revolution(革命)of the 1960s changed the pattern(方式)of English life．And Pop has become part of British life．And Pop has become part of British and 　　1　　 history．There has always been a close cultural link, or tie, between British and English-speaking America, not only in literature but also in the popular arts, especially music．Before the Second World War the Americans exported(出口)jazz and the blues．During the 1920s they exported rock and roll, and star 　　2　　 like Elvis Presley were 　　3　　 by both British and American young people．Then in the early 1960s a new 　　4　　 was heard, very different from anything that had so far come from the American side of the 　　5　　．This was the Liverpool “beat”．Four Liverpool boys 　　6　　 together in a group and called themselves “The Beatles”．They played in small clubs in the back streets of Liverpool．The Beatles wrote their own words and music．They had a close 　　7　　 relationship with their audience, and they 　　8　　 them to join in and dance to the “beat” of the 　　9　　．Then, almost overnight, Liverpool became world famous as the 　　10　　 of the new pop culture, which, in a few years, 　　11　　 across Britain and across most of the countries of the western world．Some pop groups, especially the Rolling Stones, wrote words which brought about rather strong 　　12　　．They showed anger and bitterness(怨愤)of youth struggling for freedom．The Beatles finally 　　13　　 the admiration(崇拜)of people of all ages and social backgrounds．As they 　　14　　, their songs became some serious．They wrote not only of love, but old death and old age and daily life．They were 　　15　　 and respected by many well-educated people and by some 　　16　　 musicians．As a music 　　17　　, the Beatles got along for only about ten years, but their 　18　 in the social history of Britain will surely be lasting forever．

　　The influence(影响)of Britain pop in America was great．American pop groups soon became as 　　19　　 as Britain groups．Both British and Americans are experimenting new 　　20　　, and pop is developing and changing．

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　　There is a tendency to think of each of the arts as a separate area of activity．Many artists, 　　1　　 would prove that there has always been a warm relationship between the various areas of human activity．　　2　　, in the late nineteenth century the connections between music and painting were particularly 　　3　　．Artists were invited to design clothes and settings for operas and ballets, but sometimes it was the musicians who were inspired?(给……以灵感)by the work of contemporary painters．Of the musical compositions that were considered as 　　4　　 to the visual arts, perhaps the most famous is Mussorgsky’s Pictures at an Exhibition．

　　Mussorgsky composed the piece in 1874 after the death, at the age of 39,of the artist Victor Hartmann．　　5　　 their friendship had not been a particularly long-lasting one, Mussorgsky was shocked by Hartmann’s 　　6　　 death．The following year the critic, Vladimir Stasov, who decided to hold an exhibition of Hartmann’s work, suggested that Mussorgsky try to 　　7　　 his grief by writing something in memory of Hartmann．

　　The exhibition served as Mussorgsky’s inspiration．The ten pieces that make up Pictures at an Exhibition are intended as 　　8　　 rather than representations of the paintings in the exhibition．Between each is a promenade(舞曲中的行进), 　　9　　 the composer walks from one painting to another．The music is sometimes witty and playful, sometimes almost alarming and frightening．Through a range of surprising 　　10　　, Mussorgsky manages to convey the spirit of the artist and his work．

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　　The Grand Ole Opry, in Nashiville, Tennessee, has always been America’s most important concert hall for country music．Every Saturday night the place is filled to the ceiling with country music 　　1　　．

　　One 　　2　　 in January 1967,it was a very 　　3　　 night at the Opry．For the first time, a 　　4　　 man was an attraction．　　5　　 music had always been thought of as “white music”．For many, it was a strange 　　6　　 to see Charley Pride step 　　7　　 the Opry stage．Some people left 　　8　　 about whether a black man could sing country songs．　　9　　 Charley’s smooth voice quickly 　　10　　 over the Opry 　　11　　．Charley was so good that before long, he was country music’s biggest 　　12　　．

　　Like many country singers, Charley was 　　13　　 on a farm．He spent his youth milking cows and picking cotton．But he knew he wasn’t going to make 　　14　　 his career．Later he became a baseball player．

　　Charley made it to a major league team．But he didn’t stay on for more than one reason．

　　In the winter, after the baseball season, Charley 　　15　　 at a local nightclub．One evening, Red Sovine, a great country music star, 　　16　　 Charley to sing．Red told Charley to sing．Ed told Charley to forget about 　　17　　 and go for a singing career．

　　Charley took the 　　18　　 and became a true hitmaker．His 　　19　　 were always near the top on the list．Some were Number One all over the country．

　　Today Charley Pride is 　　20　　 one of the biggest stars in country music．But he says his real wish is to own a baseball team．

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The native people of Australia are called Aborigines(土著人)．Most of them live in the 　　1　　 of Australia, where they neither plant crops nor 　　2　　 any animals．All the year round they 　　3　　 here and there through the deserts in 　　4　　 of food and water．They must 　　5　　 their own skill to track down wild animals to stay 　　6　　．It has been 　　7　　 that an Aborigine has the“　　8　　of an eagle(鹰)”．The following story shows how 　　9　　 the Aborigines’ skill at track is：once a gold robbery in a small Australian town 　　10　　 the police quite puzzled．They had to call on an old Aborigine for 　　11　　．The tracker found a set of footprints in the dusty streets, 　　12　　 said he thought they were the tracks of the thief．　　13　　 the tracker could follow the prints very far, however, a rainstorm broke and 　　14　　 the tracks away．Sometime after that the Aborigine was in another town, and his 　　15　　 eyes picked out the same footprints he had 　　16　　 days before．The police could 　　17　　 believe his story, but they went with him as he followed the tracks 　　18　　 dirty streets and past the outskirts(郊区)of the town．After about half an hour’s 　　19　　, the tracker stopped near a wooden house and simply 　　20　　．And sure enough, the wanted man was hiding inside．

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Tourism has become a very big 　　1　　．For Spain, Italy and Greece it is the largest 　　2　　 of foreign exchange, and 　　3　　 for Britain, it is the fourth．Faced 　　4　　 this huge new income, no government can afford to look 　　5　　 on the business; questions of hotel bath rooms, beach umbrellas and ice-cream sales are now 　　6　　 by ministers of tourism with solemn expertise．Before the Second World War the tourist industry was widely 　　7　　 as being unmanly and stupid．But 　　8　　 has become a new industry, as trade business used 　　9　　; in Spain, Italy, Greece and much of Eastern Europe, new road 　　10　　 have opened up in the country, first to tourists, and 　　11　　 to industry and locals．　　12　　 of tourism is a nationalized industry, a 　　13　　 part of　national planning．In a place west of Marseilles, the French government is killing mosquitoes and 　　14　　 six big vacation places to 　　15　　 nearly a million tourists．In Eastern Europe, a whole new seaside 　　16　　 has sprung up 　　17　　 the last few years：the governments have greatly 　　18　　 when tourists from the West 　　19　　 from half a million four years 　　20　　 to nearly two million last year．

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　　When I was thirteen, my family moved from Boston to Tucson, Arizona．　　1　　 the move, my father 　　2　　 us in the living-room on a freezing January night．My sisters and I sat around the fire, not 　　3　　 that the universe would suddenly change its course．“In May, we’re 　　4　　 to Arizona．” The words, so small, didn’t seem 　　5　　 enough to hold my new life．But the world changed and I awoke on a tram moving across the country．I watched the 　　6　　 change from green trees to flat dusty plains to high mountains as I saw strange new plants that 　　7　　 mysteries(奥秘)yet to come．Finally, we arrived and 　　8　　 into own new home．　　9　　 my older sisters were sad at the loss of friends, I 　　10　　 explored(探索)our new surroundings．

　　One afternoon, I was out exploring 　　11　　 and saw a new kind of cactus(仙人掌)．I crouched(蹲)down for a closer look．“You’d better not 　　12　　 that．” I turned around to see an old woman．“Are you new to this neighborhood?” I explained that I was, 　　13　　, new to the entire state．“My name is Ina Thorne．Have you got used to life in the 　　14　　? It must be quite a 　　15　　 after living in Boston．” How could I explain how I 　　16　　 the desert? I couldn’t seem to find the right words．“It’s vastness,” she offered．“That vastness 　　17　　 you stand on the mountains overlooking the desert－you can 　　18　　 how little you are in comparison with the world．　　19　　, you feel that the possibilities are limitless．”

　　That was it．That was the feeling I’d had ever since I’d first seen the mountains of my new home．Again, my 　　20　　 would change with just a few simple words．“Would you like to come to my home tomorrow? Someone should teach you which plant you should and shouldn’t touch．”

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Most of us have 　　1　　 of virtual reality(or VR)because of computer games，and you may have seen films like The Matrix which 　　2　　 their plot on VR．But fewer people are aware of how VR affects our lives in more serious 　　3　　．One of the commonest 　　4　　 of VR is in medicine．Scientists have 　　5　　 to build VR machines which can 　　6　　 to train doctors 　　7　　 surgical(外科的)techniques，but VR is also used in the operating theatre itself．For children who are 　　8　　 ill in hospital，there is now a VR game network that links seven hospitals．The children have a lot of fun but，apart from that，research has 　　9　　 that the system helps to reduce their pain and 　　10　　．We can expect VR to become more and more a part of our lives．