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　　Social(社会的)customs and ways are changing．Things which were thought 　　1　　 many years ago are now good．Just a few years 　　2　　, it was thought impolite for a man 　　3　　 in the street．No man who thought 　　4　　 himself as being a gentleman would make a fool of himself(自找难看)smoking 　　5　　 a lady was in the room．

　　Customs 　　6　　 change from country to country．Does a man walk 　　7　　 the left or the right of a lady in your country? Or doesn’t it 　　8　　? What 　　9　　 table manners? Should youuse 　　10　　 hands when you eat? Should you 　　11　　 in your lap 　　12　　 on the table?

　　The important thing 　　13　　 about social customs is not to do 　　14　　 that might make other people 　　15　　 uncomfortable, especially if they are your guests．There is 　　16　　 story once happening at a party, when food 　　17　　, one of the guests started to eat his peas 　　18　　 a knife．The other guests were surprised, but the host calmly(镇静地)picked up his knife and began to eat 　　19　　．It would have been bad manners to make the guest feel 　　20　　．

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　　American cities are 　　1　　 other cities around the world．In every country,cities reflect the 　　2　　 of the culture．Cities contain the very 　　3　　 side of a society：opportunities for education,employment and so on．They also 　　4　　 the very worst parts of a society：violent crime,racial discrimination and poverty．American cities are changing,just 　　5　　 American society．

　　After World War Ⅱ,the population of 　　6　　 large American cities decreased; 　　7　　, the population in many Sun Belt cities increased．Los Angeles and Houston are cities 　　8　　 population increased．These population moving to and from the city reflect the changing values of American society．

　　During this time,in the 　　9　　 1940s and early 1950s,city people became wealthier．They had more children．They needed more 　　10　　．They moved out their flats in the city to buy their own houses．They bought houses in the 　　11　　, areas near a city where people live．These are areas without many offices or factories．During the 1950s the American “dream” was to have a house on the outskirts．

　　Now things are changing．The children of the people who 　　12　　 the cities in the 1950s are now adults．They,　　13　　 their parents,want to live in the cities．　　14　　 continue to move to cities in the Sun Belt．Cities are 　　15　　 and the population is increasing in 　　16　　 states as Texas,Florida and California．Others are moving to more 　　17　　 cities of the Northeast and Midwest,such as Boston,Baltimore and Chicago．

　　Many young professionals,doctors and lawyers are moving back into the city．They prefer the city 　　18　　 the suburbs because their jobs are there;they are afraid of the fuel shortage;or they just 　　19　　 the excitement and opportunities which the city offers．A new class is moving into the cities－a wealthier, 　　20　　 mobile class．

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　　Conservatism refers to the acceptance of anything familiar and refusal of anything strange or foreign．There are numerous facts that 　　1　　 the conservatism of the Englishmen．

　　The monarchy(君主制)as nominal(名义上的)　　2　　 of the state still 　　3　　 in the highly developed capitalist country．

　　The national anthem was, is and will be in the 　　4　　 1000 years the old “God Save the King,(or Queen)”．

　　English judges as usual wear long wigs in law courts, as 　　5　　 in many films shot in Hong Kong．(As a colony of the British Empire, Hong Kong was once 　　6　　 to adopt the British legal system．)

　　　　7　　 the fact that the feudal class is a 　　8　　of only history significance, noble titles are given to distinguished persons, who would 　　9　　 the titles as something of the greatest honor．

　　Many Englishmen still spend lots of money 　　10　　 dummy(虚设的)fireplaces that are of no

　　　　11　　 at all, although their rooms are 　　12　　 by gas or electric fire．They find it difficult to say 　　13　　 to the past．

　　As the first country to 　　14　　 the industrial revolution, Britain refused to 　　15　　 decimal(十进位)system until 1971．Pence, shilling, pound and inch, foot, yard…all these are hard to be 　　16　　．

　　English people are always suspicious of any new plans of the government．Today they are still 　　17　　 of the Europe integration plan, thus they are not willing to 　　18　　 pound to be integrated into Euro Dollars．

　　Never talk about any kind of 　　19　　 to an Englishman, he would surely be 　　20　　 and keep away from you!

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　　Have you ever had to decide whether to go shopping or stay home and watch TV on a weekend? Now you 　　1　　 do both at the same time．Home shopping television networks(网络)have become a 　　2　　 for many people to shop without 　　3　　 having to leave their homes．

　　Some shoppers are 　　4　　 of department stores and supermarkets－　　5　　 the crowds, waiting in long lines, and sometimes having slight 　　6　　 of finding anything they want to buy．They’d rather sit quietly at home in front of the TV set and 　　7　　 a friendly announcer describe a product 　　8　　 a model shows it．And they can 　　9　　 around the clock, buying something 　　10　　 by making a phone call．

　　Department stores and even mail-order companies are 　　11　　 to join in the success of home shopping．Large department stores are busy 　　12　　 their own TV channels(频道)to encourage TV shopping in the future．　　13　　 can ask questions about products and place 　　14　　, all through their TV sets．

　　Will shopping by television 　　15　　 take the place of shopping in stores?Some industry managers think so．　　16　　 many people find shopping at a 　　17　　 store a great enjoyment．And for many shoppers, it is still important to 　　18　　 or try on dresses they want to buy．That’s 　　19　　 specialists say that in the future, home shopping will 　　20　　 together with store shopping but will never entirely replace(取代)it．

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　　I’m a newspaper reporter．I don’t have 　　1　　 money, but I meet a lot of interesting people．Some are rich, 　　2　　 are poor．One or two are dishonest, but the others tell the truth most of the time．On the whole, I like my job and I am good at it．I type fast．I have a good 　　3　　．I don’t talk, but I’m a good 　　4　　．I’m probably the best listener in the entire city and I 　　5　　 stupid．I have a very stupid face．People look at me, and then they explain things to me very slowly．Other reporters ask people a lot of questions and 　　6　　 them angry, but I just look stupid and soon I am getting a lot of 　　7　　：many uninteresting ideas, many irrelevant(不相关的)facts, but always 　　8　　 interesting news for my newspaper．

　　I have a method for 　　9　　 news from the ordinary men in the street．Let me give you 　　10　　．Yesterday afternoon I needed information about recreation for elderly 　　11　　 people in the city．I went to the park, sat on a bench 　　12　　 the sun, and waited．Soon, an old lady came and sat next to me．She carried two large paper bags and an old handbag．I sat quietly beside her for about ten minutes, and then I 　　13　　 a chocolate bar slowly．I made a lot of 　　14　　 with the paper wrapping．Next, I offered her a piece of my chocolate．After that, she told me about 　　15　　．She doesn’t have real home．She and two friends sleep in the bus station; on warm days she comes to the park with her few belongings in two paper bags．Later, we went to a restaurant for a cup of coffee and a sandwich．I 　　16　　, of course, I didn’t 　　17　　 any notes．I asked her a few questions about recreation, but she wasn’t interested in 　　18　　．She needed money and a place to live in, she said．She told me a lot about the bus station．I gave her a dollar and some 　　19　　．Finally, I 　　20　　 her in the park, went back to the office, and typed up some notes for my newspaper．

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　　Every Chinese-language textbook starts out with the standard phrases for greeting people; but as an American, I always found myself 　　1　　 to speak freely when it came to seeing guests off at the door．Just a good-bye would not do, yet that was all I had ever learned from the 　　2　　 books．So I would smile and nod, bowing like a Japanese and searching madly for words that would 　　3　　 over the visitor’s leaving and make them feel they would be 　　4　　 to come again．In my unease, I often hid behind the skirts of my Chinese husband’s kindness．

　　Then finally, listening to others, I began to pick up the phrases that 　　5　　 relationships and sent people off not only successfully but also skillfully．

　　　　6　　 for the Chinese includes a lot of necessary habitual practice．Although as a 　　7　　, I’m not expected to observe or even know all the rules, I’ve had to learn the expressions of politeness and 　　8　　 at a leaving-taking．

　　The Chinese feel they 　　9　　 see a guest off to the farthest possible point－down the flight of stairs to the street below or perhaps all the way to the 　　10　　 bus stop．I’ve sometimes waited half an hour or more for my husband to return from seeing a guest off, 　　11　　 he’s gone to the bus stop and waited for the 　　12　　 bus to arrive．

　　That’s very well, but when I’m the guest being seen off, my protests are always 　　13　　．My hostess or host, or both, insists on 　　14　　 me down the stairs and well on my way, with my repeating the “Don’t 　　15　　 to see me off at the every landing”．If I try to go fast to 　　16　　 them from following, they are simply out to the discomfort of having to run after me．Better to accept the inevitable(不可避免的)．

　　Besides, that’s going against Chinese 　　17　　, because haste(doing things quickly)is to be avoided．What do you say when you 　　18　　 someone？Not “farewell or Godspeed(祝福)”, 　　19　　“Go slowly”．To the Chinese it means “Take care” or “Watch your 　　20　　”, or some such caution(谨慎),but translated literally(字面意思)it means “Go slowly”．

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　　The purpose of a letter of application is to help you to “sell” yourself．It should state 　　1　　 the job you want, and should tell what your abilities are and what you have 　　2　　．It should be simple, human, personal and brief without 　　3　　 any necessary fact．

　　In writing a letter of application, keep in 　　4　　 that the things a possible employer is most 　　5　　 to want to know about are your qualifications(条件),your achievements and your aims．The opening paragraph is perhaps the most important part．　　6　　 the first few sentences fail to 　　7　　 the reader’s attention, the rest of the letter may not be 　　8　　 at all．Try to key your opening remarks to the needs or interests of the employer not 　　9　　 your own need or desires．For example, instead of 　　10　　 with “I saw your advertisement in today’s paper．” You might say “I have made a careful 　　11　　 of your advertising during the past six months” or “I have made a survey in my neighborhood to find out how many housewives 　　12　　 your product and why they like it．”

　　Try to 　　13　　generalities(概论)．Be clear about the kind of job for which you are now 　　14　　．College graduates looking for their first positions often ask “What can I 　　15　　 in a letter? Employers want experience, which, naturally, no 　　16　　 has．”The answer is that everything you have ever done is 　　17　　．

　　It is important to write a good strong closing for your letter．　　18　　 a specific request for an interview or give the possible employer something definite to do or expect．An excellent 　　19　　 is to enclose(内附)a stamped, self-addressed envelope with your letter．That makes it 　　20　　 for a possible employer to get in touch with you．

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　　A land free from destruction, plus wealth, natural resources, and labor supply－all these were important 　　1　　 in helping England to become the center for the IndustrialRevolution．　　2　　 they were not enough．Something 　　3　　 was needed to start the industrial process．That “something special” was men-　　4　　 individuals who could invent machines, find new 　　5　　 of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society．

　　The men who 　　6　　 the machines of the Industrial Revolution 　　7　　 from many backgrounds and many occupations．Many of them were 　　8　　 inventors than scientists．A man who is a 　　9　　 scientist is primarily interested in doing his research 　　10　　．He is not necessarily working 　　11　　 that his findings can be used．

　　An inventor or one interested in applied science is 　　12　　 trying to make something that has a concrete use．He may try to solve a problem by 　　13　　 the theories 　　14　　 science or by experimenting through trial and error．Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a 　　15　　 result：the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of 　　16　　 other objectives．

　　Most of the people who 　　17　　 the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists．A few were both scientists and inventors．Even those who had 　　18　　 or no training in science might not have made their inventions 　　19　　 a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years 　　20　　．

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　　A little boy invited his mother to attend his elementary school’s first teacher-parent conference．To the little boy’s 　　1　　, she said she would go．This would be the 　　2　　 time that his classmates and teacher met his mother and he was embarrassed(难堪的)by her 　　3　　．

　　Although she was a beautiful woman, there was a severe scar(伤疤)that 　　4　　 nearly the entire right side of her face．The boy 　　5　　 wanted to talk about why or how she got the scar．

　　At the conference, the people were 　　6　　 by the kindness and natural 　　7　　 of his mother despised the scar, 　　8　　 the little boy was still embarrassed and 　　9　　 himself from everyone．He did, however, get within earshot of a 　　10　　 between his mother and his teacher, and heard them speaking．

　　“　　11　　 did you get the scar on your face?” the teacher asked．

　　The mother replied, “When my son was a baby, he was in a room that caught on fire．Everyone was too 　　12　　 to go in because the fire was out of control, so I went in．　　13　　 I was running towards his bed, I saw a beam coming down and I placed myself 　　14　　 trying to protect him．I was 　　15　　 unconscious(失去知觉)but fortunately, a fireman came in and 　　16　　 both of us, ” she touched the 　　17　　 side of her face．“This scar will be permanent(永久的), but to this day, I have never 　　18　　 doing what I did．”

　　At this point, the little boy came out 　　19　　 towards his mother with tears in his eyes．He held her and felt a great 　　20　　 of the sacrifice(牺牲)that his mother had made for him．He held her hand tightly for the rest of the day．

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　　The purpose of a letter of application is to help you to “sell” yourself．It should state 　　1　　 the job you want, and should tell what your abilities are and what you have 　　2　　．It should be simple, human, personal and brief without 　　3　　 out any necessary fact．

　　In writing a letter of application, keep in mind that the things a possible 　　4　　 is most 　　5　　 to want to know about are your qualifications(条件), your achievements and your aims．The opening paragraph is perhaps the most important part．　　6　　 the first few sentences fail to 　　7　　 the reader’s attention, the rest of the letter may not be 　　8　　 at all．Try to key your opening remarks to the needs or interests of the employer, not 　　9　　 your own need or desires．For example, instead of beginning with “I saw your 　　10　　 in today’s paper”, you might say “I have made a careful 　　11　　 of your advertising during the past six months” or “I have made a survey in my neighborhood to find out how many housewives 　　12　　 your product and why they like it．”

　　Try to 　　13　　 generalities(笼统)．Be clear about the kind of job for which you are now 　　14　　．College graduates looking for their first positions often ask “What can I 　　15　　 in a letter? Employers want experience, which, naturally, no 　　16　　 has．”The answer is that everything you have ever done is 　　17　　．

　　It is important to write a good strong closing for your letter．　　18　　 a specific(明确的)request for an interview or give the possible employer something definite to do or expect．An excellent 　　19　　 is to enclose(内附)a stamped, self-addressed envelope with your letter．That makes it 　　20　　 for a possible employer to get in touch with you．