Self-employed private physicians who charge a fee for each patient visit are the foundation of medical practice in the United States．Most physicians have a contract relationship with one or more hospitals in the community．They send their patients to this hospital, which usually charges patients according to the number of days they stay and the facilities(operating room, tests, medicines that they use)．Some hospitals belong to a city, a state or, in the case of veteran's hospitals, a federal government agency．Others are operated by religious orders(教会)or other non－profit groups．

　　Some medical doctors are on salary．Salaried physicians may work as hospital staff members, or residents, who are often still in training．They may teach in medical schools, be hired by corporations to care for their workers or work for the federal government's Public Health Service．

　　Physicians are among the best paid professionals in the United States．In the 1980s, it was not uncommon for medical doctors to earn incomes of more than ＄ 100,000 a year．Specialists, particularly surgeons, might earn several times that amount．Physicians list many reasons why they deserve to be so well rewarded for their work．One reason is the long and expensive preparation required to become a physician in the United States．Most would be that physicians first attend college for four years, which can cost nearly ＄ 20,000 a year at one of the best private institutions．Prospective physicians then attend medical school for four years．Tuition alone can exceed ＄ 10 000 a year．By the time they have obtained their medical degrees, many young physicians are deeply in debt．They still face three to five years of residency(实习阶段)in a hospital, the first year as an apprentice physician．The hours are long and the pay is relatively low．Setting up a medical practice is expensive, too．Sometimes several physicians will decide to establish a group practice, so they can share the expense of maintaining an office and buying equipment．These physicians also take care of each other's patients in emergencies．

　　Physicians work long hours and must accept a great deal of responsibility．Many medical procedures, even quite routine ones, involve risk．It is understandable that physicians want to be well rewarded for making decisions which can mean the difference between life and death．

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　　Since 1989, Dave Thomas, who died at age 69, was one of the most recognizable faces on TV．He appeared in more than 800 commercials for the Hamburger chain named for his daughter．“As long as it works,” he said in 1991, “I’ll continue to do those commercials．”Even though he was successful, Thomas remained troubled by his childhood．

　　“He still won’t let anyone see his feet, which are out of shape because he never had proper-fitting shoes．”Wendy said in 1993．Born to a single mother, he was adopted as a baby by Rex and Auleva Thomas of Kalamazoo in Michigan．After Auleva died when he was 5, Thomas spent years on the road as Rex traveled around seeking construction work．“He fed me,”Thomas said,“and if I got out of line, he’d beat me．”Moving out on his own at 15, Thomas worked, first as a waiter, in many restaurants．But he had something much better in mind．“I thought if I owned a restaurant,”he said,“I could eat for free．”A 1956 meeting with Harland Sanders led Thomas to a career as the manager of a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant that made him a millionaire in 1968．

　　In 1969, after breaking with Sanders, Thomas started the first Wendy’s Old Fashioned hamburgers, in Columbus, Ohio, which set itself apart by serving made-to-order burgers．With 6,000 restaurants worldwide, the chain now makes ＄6 billion a year in sales．

　　Although troubled by his own experience with adoption, Thomas, married since 1954 to Lorraine, 66, and with four grown kids besides Wendy, felt it could offer a future for other children．He started the Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption in 1992．

　　In 1993, Thomas, who had left school at 15, graduated from Coconut Creek High School in Florida．He even took Lorraine to the graduation dance party．The kids voted him “Most Likely to Succeed．”“The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,” says friend Pat Williams．“He wasn’t a great actor or a great speaker．He was just ‘Joe Everybody’．”

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　　Football is, I believe, the most popular game in England：one has only to go to one of the important matches to see this．Rich and poor, young and old, one can see them all there, shouting for their teams．One of the most surprising things about football in England is the great knowledge of the game which even the smallest boy seems to have．He can tell you the names of the players in most of the important teams．He has pictures of them and knows the results of large numbers of matches．

　　He will tell you who he thinks will win such a match, and his opinion is usually as good as that of men three or four times of his age．

　　Most schools in England take football seriously－much more seriously than nearly all European schools, where lessons are all that are important and games are left for the children themselves．In England it is believed that education is not only a matter of filling a boy’s mind with facts in the classroom; education also means the training of character by means of games, especially team games, where the boy or girl has to learn to work with others for his or her team instead of working for himself or herself alone．Therefore the school plans games and matches for its students．Football is a good team game．It is good both for the body and the mind．That is why it is every school’s game in England．

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　　Imagine a boy from a small village in East Africa．He，from a very early age, has been looking after cattle．At twelve years old he knows more about cattle than most of you．However, he has never been to school．Has this boy ever had any education?

　　Education is discovering about ourselves and about the people and things around us．All the people who care about us－our parents, brothers, sisters, friends are our teachers．In fact, we learn something from everyone we meet, We start learning on the day we are born．Every day we have new experiences, like finding a bird's nest, discovering a new street in our neighborhood, making friends with someone we didn't like before．New experiences are even more fun when we share them with other people．

　　Encouragement from the people around us enables us to explore things as much as possible．As we grow up, we begin to find out what we are capable of doing．You may be good at cooking, or singing or playing football．You find this out by doing these things．Just thinking about cooking doesn't tell you if you are good at it．

　　We learn so much just living from day to day．So why is school important?Of course you can learn some things better at home than at school, like how to do the shopping, and how to help old or disabled people who can' t do everything for themselves．At school, teachers help us to read and write．With their guidance, we begin to see things in different ways．

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　　“We leave at dawn and head out overland by jeep towards Base One．We’ll get as far as we can before proceeding on foot,”Mark explained．The others sat and listened．Sarah, particularly, as a“casualty of events”, wouldn’t have known what to say or suggest even if she'd been asked．But Harry had a lot to say．

　　“We’ll never make it,”he protested．“We'll still be crossing the desert when they catch up with us．They’ll know where we’re heading for and they’ll simply follow us and kill us out there in the desert with no one to see．They seem to know every move we make or are going to make．”

　　Mark said nothing, but spread his hands out as if to say“Well, what do we do then?”“We wouldn’t be in this mess now,”Harry went on, almost ignoring Mark’s gesture, “ if we hadn’t stopped to rescue Sarah．”(He glanced at her briefly．)“But since we did, we must got on-but not across the desert．There's the sand, and deep ravine(沟壑)which are almost invisible until you’re right on them－and then the heat．You have to be used to going out there, and none of us is．This is no “morning at leisure”on some pleasant holiday, you know!If we went north instead and made for the river,…

　　He broke off and looked around at the others, feeling somehow that his argument was pointless．No one said anything．

　　“Good,”said Mark, looking around with authority, and returned to checking their stores．

　　A beautiful sunrise was about to burst over the horizon as the jeep headed out towards Base One．

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　　Here are a few tips we've put together to help you learn English well．

　　Speak, speak, speak!

　　Practise speaking as often as you can--even speaking to yourself is good practice．

　　Try recording yourself whenever you can．Compare your pronunciation with the master version(版本), see how you can do better and have another go．If you do this several times, you will find that each version is better than the last．

　　Why not learn with someone else?

　　It helps if you can learn with someone else．If you can persuade a friend or family member to study with you, it will make you keep working．Agree times to meet and set goals for the week, and test each other regularly．

　　Don't get stuck by a word you don't know．

　　Practise improvising(即兴的)ways of getting your meaning across when speaking spontaneously(本能地), even if you don’t know the exact words or phrases．Think of things you might want to say whenever you have spare time, A basic example is the use of tenses．If you don’t know the past tense but want to talk about yesterday, use the verb in the present tense and use the word for “ yesterday ”．Use facial expressions, hand movements, anything to get your meaning across．

　　Language learning is also about Intuition(直觉)．

　　Guesswork is an important strategy(策略)in learning a new language．When listening to recorded material, you aren't expected to understand everything first time round．If you play the same piece several times, you will most probably understand something new each time．Learn to make maximum(最多的)use of all the clues(线索)you can pick up．For example, what do the speakers sound like?Happy?Angry?Calm?etc．

　　Build up your vocabulary．

　　A wide vocabulary is the key to successful Language learning but don’t try to learn too much at once．It's best to study frequently, for short periods of time．Take a maximum of six or seven items of vocabulary and learn them．Put them into sentences to fix them in your mind, then come back to them later．Much of the vocabulary in the course is presented by topic．

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HOLIDAY HOMES IN MALLORCAN

　　Holiday apartments in the Mallorcan sailing and fishing port-quiet even in the summer season．Beautifully situated apartments with views of sea and mountains, yet near to shops and restaurants．Cars and bicycles for hire．Sailing and sports clubs nearby．

ITALY IN COMFORT

　　Luxury carriage tours of Italy, out of normal holiday season．Three weeks’ leisurely days to visit five Italian cities starting from London, 1st May－1st September．The tours are guided by Professor Martin Davis, formal head of Italian studies, London University．See the arts and culture of historic Italy．

KIBBUTZ HOLIDAY IN ISRAEL

　　Working holidays on a kibbutz(cooperative farm)in Israel．All nationalities welcome for one or three months, if prepared to work mornings with kibbutz members．Accommodations, food and trips to historic sights are all provided free, and you pay only for the special low-cost return flight．

TWO WEEKS ON A CARIBBEAN ISLAND

　　Two-week holidays in the luxurious hotel Splendid, on a lovely beach with golden sands and deep-blue sea．Tennis, golf, sailing and water sports．Trips and tours around the island arranged．Near to town of Castries with lively entertainment－dancing to bands．

　　1st November－31st March＝＄ 720 per person

　　1st April－30th October＝＄ 850 per person

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　　A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at fine wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months．

　　The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20％－40％ that are caused by tiredness．Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30％ of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue．

　　Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband．The device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four minutes during a car journey．After each sound the driver must respond by．squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘)．A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sorted, and the driver’s response．

　　Tiredness is directly related to a driver’s response time．Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy．

　　In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest．If the driver’s response continues to stow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible．

　　The device has been delivered to the department’s 1aboatories for testing．If these tests, scheduled for six months’ time, are successful, the makers will bring the product to market within about a year．

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　　Sociologists, working in western countries, have found that a large number of women wished they had been born men．The number is said to be as high as 6％ in Germany．

　　“Women often wish they had the same chances as men have, and think it is still men's world,”said Dr James Helen, one of the sociologists who did the study．

　　Many men say that they have more duties than women．A man has to make money to support his family and to make the important decision, so it is right for men to be paid more．Some are even against their wives working at all．When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children cannot be taken good care of．If women take full--time jobs, they won’t be able to do what they are best doing：making a nice home and bringing up the children．

　　Some women disagree．They say they want to get out of their homes and to have freedom to choose between work and home life．Women have the right of equal pay and equal chances．

　　Anne Harper has a very good job．She also believes in“Women’s Liberation”,“I don’t wish I were a man,”she says,“and I don’t think many women do．But I do wish people would stop treating us like second－class people．At work, for example, we usually do the work that men do but get paid less．There are still a lot of jobs only to men-usually they are the best ones．If you are a man, you have a much better chance of living a wonderful life．How many women scientists are there…or engineers?”

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　　What exactly is a lie?Is it anything we say which we know is untrue?Or is it something more than that?for example, suppose a friend wants to borrow some money from you．You say, “I wish I could help you but I’m short of money myself．”In fact, you are not short of money but your friend is in the habit of not paying his debts and you don’t want to hurt his feelings by reminding him of this．Is this really a lie?

　　Professor Jerald Jellison of the University of Southern California has made a scientific study of lying．According to him, women are better liars than men, particularly when telling a “white lie”, such as when a woman at a party tells another woman that she likes her dress when she really think it looks terrible．However, this is only one side of the story．Other researchers say that men are more likely to tell serious lies, such as making a promise which they have no intention of carrying out．This is the kind of lie politicians and businessmen are supposed to be particularly skilled at：the lie from which the liar hopes to profit(获利)or gain in some day．

　　Research has also been one into the way people’s behavior changes in a number of small, apparently unimportant ways when they lie．It has been found that if they are sitting down at the time, they tend to move about in their chairs more than usual．To the trained observer they are saying “I wish I were somewhere else now．”They also tend to touch certain parts of the face more often, in particular the nose．One explanation of this may be that lying causes a slight increase in blood pressure．The tip of the nose is very sensitive to such changes and the increased pressure makes it itch(痒)．

　　Another gesture which gives liars away is what the writer Desmond Morris in his book Man watching calls “the mouth cover”．He says there are several typical forms of his, such as covering part of the mouth with fingers, touching the upper-lip or putting a finger of the hand at one side of the mouth．Such a gesture can be understood as an unconscious(无意识的)attempt on the part of the liar to stop himself or herself from lying．Of course, such gestures as rubbing the nose or covering the mouth, or moving about in a chair cannot be taken as proof that the speaker is lying．They simply tend to occur more frequently in this situation．It is not one gesture alone that gives the liar away but a whole number of things, and in particular the context(情境)in which the lie is told．

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