In the summer of 1936, people all over the world heard the name of Jesse Owens. That summer, Jesse joined the best athletes from 50 nations to compete in the Olympic Games. They met in Germany, in the city of Berlin.

There was special interest in the Olympic Games that year.

Adolf Hitler was ruler of Germany. Hitler and his Nazi Party believed that white people—especially German people—were the best race of people on earth. They believed that other races of people—especially those with dark skin—were almost less than human. In the summer of 1936, Hitler wanted to prove his beliefs to the world. He wanted to show that German athletes could win every important competition.

Jesse Owens was black, too. Until 1936, very few black athletes had competed in the Olympic Games for the United States. Jesse was proud to be on the team. He was very sure of his ability.

Jesse spent one week competing in four different Olympic track and field events in Berlin. During that time, he did not think much about the color of his skin, or about Adolf Hitler. At last, Jesse Owens won the highest award—the gold medal—in all four of the Olympic, competitions he entered. In the hundred meter run, he equaled the fastest time ever run in that Olympic event. In the long jump and the 200-meter run, he set new Olympic records. And as part of a four-man team, he helped set a new world record for the 400-meter relay race.

　　  1. How many nations took part in the Olympic Games in 1936?

　　　　  A. 50　　　　   B. 55　　　　　　　　  C. 60    　　　　  D. 65

　　  2. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　　　  A. Hitler thought of Jesse Owens as a hero.

　　　　  B. Hitler believed that black people were worse than white people.

　　　　  C. Jesse Owens was black.

　　　　  D. Jesse Owens was not confident in himself when he took part in the Olympic Games.

　　  3. In which city was the Olympic Games held in 19367

　　　　  A. In New York.　　　　    B. In London.

　　　　  C. In Germany.　　　　　　 D. In Berlin.

　　  4. What does the passage mainly talk about?

　　　　  A. Hitler's belief that German people were better than any other race of people in the world.

　　　　  B. Black young man—Jesse Owens—became famous by winning four gold medals in the Olympic Games in 1936.

　　　　  C. Jesse succeeded in the Olympic Games because of his hard training.

　　　　  D Hider hated black people, especially Jesse Owens.

In many businesses, computers have largely replaced paper work, because they are fast, and do not make mistakes. As one bank manager said, “Unlike humans, computers never have a bad day.” And, they are honest. Many banks put advertisements in the newspaper showing that their business deals are “untouched by human hands” and therefore safe from human temptation  (诱惑). Obviously, computers have no reason to steal money. But they also have no conscience (良心), and the growing number of computer crimes shows they can be used to steal.

Computer criminals don't use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witnesses and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it; it simply does what it is told. One clerk at a New York City bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half million dollars in just four years. No one noticed this because he moved money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the clerk claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else's account. This clerk was caught only because he was gambling. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was put in the records.

Some employees use the computer's power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company (保险公司) fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days' notice. In those thirty days, she wiped out all the company's programmed records in the computer.

Most computer criminals (犯罪) have been minor (低级的) employees. But police wonder if it is true. As one official says, “I have a feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing--the ones who really know how a computer works.”

　　 1. Why do many companies use computers to replace paper work?

　　　　  A. Because computers are fast, honest and make no mistakes.

　　　　  B. Because computers can not be used to steal money.

　　　　  C. Because computers are not expensive.

　　　　  D. Because computers have no conscience.

　　 2. What is the best advantage of computers for criminal?

　　　　  A. Computers never have a. bad day.

　　　　  B. Computers do not often provide evidence or witnesses.

　　　　  C. Computers can replace paper work.

　　　　  D. Computers are safe from human temptation.

　　 3. What happened once at a New York City bank?

　　　　  A. A man broke in and got away with a large sum of 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  B. One clerk gambled away 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  C. One employee was caught by the police because he robbed a customer of his money.

   　　   D. One clerk in the bank stole a lot of money by means of computers.

　　 4. Why does computer crime worry the police?

　　　　  A. Because most computer criminals are major employees.

　　　　  B. Because many employees use computers to get revenge on their employers.

　　　　  C. Because they do not know how to deal with computer crime at all.

　　　　  D. Because there might be more computer crimes done by experts than they can deal with.

A brush with death can actually improve a person's outlook on life. That, at least, was one of the major findings of a study of some 200 people who come close to dying. Some had come through heart attack; some had fallen, come close to drowning; or survived a terrible car wreck, yet despite the variety of circumstances, they reported strikingly similar reactions to their experiences.

Perhaps most surprisingly, many said they were less frightened of death now than they were before. Like most people, before their near-death incidents many had thought death would be painful, the ultimate horror—but they did not find it was.

Surviving a nearly fatal experience also gave many people a sense of invulnerability that made them feel special and even religious. Several believed they had been saved because they were to fulfill some special mission in the remainder of their lives.

Perhaps not so surprisingly, these survivors also reported an increased zest for life and a determination to enjoy life more.

A few of the survivors did report negative reactions to their experience. A dozen said they felt more vulnerable, and some even felt a sense of helplessness and a loss of control over their lives. Some had become phobic about activities associated with the accident; for example, several said they could no longer swim for fear of drowning.

Yet most of those interviewee said they came away with a strong sense of renewal or rebirth. In studying their reactions researchers have concluded that these people have come to understand the relationship of life and death better and more intimately than most of us, they have come to understand how life is actually defined by death. Life is given meaning by the fact that it will end someday.

　　  1. From the passage, we can infer that the effects of near-death experiences on the survivors' life——.

　　　　  A. vary greatly from person to person

　　　　  B. differ due to the variety of circumstances

　　　　  C. are mostly positive in terms of their outlook on life

　　　　  D. are neither positive nor negative

　　  2. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is——.

　　　　    A. How to Improve a Person's Outlook on Life

　　　　  B. The Effects of Near-Death Experiences

　　　　    C. Is Death Really Horrible?

　　 　　   D. Near-Death Accidents and Their Survivors

　　  3. The positive effect of near-death experience was that——.

　　　　    A. some people loved life better because they realized its new meaning

　　　　    B. some people believed they were different from others and they had special work to do

　　　　      C. some people were no longer afraid of death just because they proved to be religious

　　　　      D. some people wanted to seek extreme happiness because they knew life was too limited

　　 4. Which effect of the near-death experience was the one that people had seldom expected?

　　　　  A. Some people felt more vulnerable.

　　　　  B. Some people did not worry too much about death any more.

　　　　  C. Some people paid more attention to the value of life.

　　　　  D. some people tended to be too pessimistic about death.

In most corners of the world, malnutrition is plainly a matter of outright insufficiency of food for the population——where the majority of the people do not obtain enough food calories to meet minimal needs for support of physical work and for maintenance of health. Elsewhere the problem may be not one of insufficient calories but of lack of specific nutrients essential for health.

In Latin America, as in other places, the dreaded protein deficiency disease kwashiorkor (红体病) is taking as heavy toll of children's lives. Strategic vitamins and minerals may be lacing due to traditional diets which are nutritionally unbalanced. Here people continue their eating pattern year after year without knowledge of what their dietary habits are doing to themselves and to future generations.

With a basic knowledge of nutritional needs and deficiencies, efforts could be directed to finding food substitutes which could meet these needs. Mixtures of vegetable proteins, like soybeans and peanuts, could provide an abundance of cheap, useful protein where meat, eggs, and milk are not within economic reach of large groups in the population. Efforts could also be expended on increasing the agricultural productivity in specific regions; where large areas are given over to relatively inefficient use as gazing land, the intensive production of vegetable protein crops could bring remedial nutrition to an undernourished population. Elsewhere, enrichment with specific vitamins and minerals of traditional staple foods that are deficient in essential nutritive factors could wipe out disabling deficiency diseases most overnight. Similarly, addition of minute amounts of inexpensive iodine (碘) to salt benefit large areas where endemic goiter (地方流行性甲状腺肿大) has been accepted as an integral (组成的) part of life for generations.

　　 1. Which word can indicate the frequency of occurrence of goiter?

　　　　 A. endemic　　　　 B. minute　　　　  C. inexpensive　　  D. addition

　　 2. It is lack of　　　　   that cause malnutrition.

　　　　  A. protein　　   B. vitamins　　　　  C. iodine　　　　  D. food

　　 3. Cheap protein substitutes for milk, eggs, and meat——.

　　　　  A. can be found in iodized salt

　　　　 B. are being sought by scientists

　　　　  C. can be gotten from soybean

　　 D. may be obtained from vitamins and minerals

　　 4. Which is the best title for this passage?

　　　　  A. Improving Our Diet　　　　    B. Eliminating Starvation

　　　　  C. Science and Agriculture　　   D. Combating Malnutrition

Some of the most beautiful caves are formed in glaciers (冰川). Streams of melting ice and snow tunnel through the glaciers the same way that water from a faucet melts its way through an ice cube. Water from the surface drips down through cracks, hollowing out the tunnels and decorating the caves with crystal icicles. The smooth walls and floors are so glasslike that pebbles frozen six feet deep can easily be seen. Crystal-clear icicles draping from the ceilings flash blue green, as though they were carved from precious jewels instead of ice.

Although most of the cave ice in the United States is found in lave caves, there are a number of limestone ice caves as well. Some people .believe that this ice was formed thousands of years ago, when temperatures were much colder than they are today. Others think that the cave ice broke off from the ancient glaciers as they spread over the country.

Today many cave scientists have another idea. They believe that cold water sinks down through cracks into these caves until  temperature is chilly enough to freeze the water that seeps (渗入) in. The ice that keeps the cave cool, and that helps build up still more ice. Many caves become covered with so much ice that no one knows just how thick it is. In some, such as crystal Falls Cave in Idaho, there are frozen rivers and even frozen waterfalls. Native Americans and early settlers used to store food in these underground refrigerators and chip out blocks of ice to melt for drinking water.

　　 1. What is the main idea about this passage?

　　　　  A. Characteristics of glaciers.　　　　  B. Uses for ice caves.

　　　　  C. The origin of cave ice.　　　　　　　　 D. Where glaciers can be found.

　　 2. What causes ice to build up in caves?

　　　　  A. Rivers and waterfalls water.

B. Icicles accumulate on the ceilings.

　　　　  C. Cave ice breaks off glaciers.

　　　　  D. Cold water seeps in and freezes.

　　  3. It can be inferred from the passage that the early settlers appreciated the ice caves for their——.

　　　　  A. practicality　　　　　　  B. beautiful interiors

　　 C. historical value　　　　  D. precious jewels

　　 4. The author compares icicles to precious jewels based on which of the following?

　　　　  A. appearance　　　　　　   B. cost

　　　　  C. method of formation　　  D. availability

Teaching involves more than leadership. Some of the teacher's time and effort is directed toward instruction, some toward evaluation. But it is the teacher as a group leader who creates an efficient organizational structure and good working environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place. A group, that is totally disorganized, unclear about its goals, or constantly fighting among its members, will not be a good learning group. The leadership pattern includes helping to form and maintain a positive learning environment so that instruction and evaluation activities can take place.

On the first day of class, the teacher faces a room filled with individuals. Perhaps a few closely united groups and friendships already exist. But there is no sense of group unity, no set of rules for conduct in the group, no feeling of belonging. If teachers are successful leaders, they will help students develop a system of relationships that encourages cooperation.

Standards and rules must be established that maintain order, ensure justice, and protect individual rights, but do not contradict school policy. What happens when one student hurts another's individual rights? Without clear guidelines mutually agreeable to students, teachers, and administration, the classroom can become chaotic. Students may break rules they did not know existed. If standards are set without input from the class, students may spend a great deal of creative energy in running the class environment, finding ways to break rules.

No matter how skillful the teacher is in uniting students and establishing a positive atmosphere, the task is never complete. Regular maintenance is necessary. Conflicts arise (出现). The needs of individual members change. A new kind of learning task requires a new organizational structure. Sometimes outside pressures such as holidays, upcoming tests or athletic contests, 'or family troubles cause stress in the classroom. One task for the teacher is to restore (恢复) a positive environment by helping students cope with conflict, change, and stress.

　　 1. This article is written mainly for the purpose of——.

　　　　  A. providing information for teaching

　　　　  B. studying the teacher's behavior in the classroom

　　　　  C. comparing the teacher's behaviors with students'

　　 D. teaching and organizing class

　　 2. The teacher, to some extent, is a leader because——.

　　　　  A. he is responsible for a well-organized class and a good learning environment

　　　　  B. he deals with students in the same way as a leader deals with people

　　　　  C. he should develop harmony among students

　　　　  D. he has to maintain order and give instruction and evaluation

　　 3. The teacher should do more than teach. It is his responsibility to——.

　　　　  A. create an organizational structure and a positive learning structure

　　　　  B. establish standards and roles students should follow

　　　　  C. help students deal with conflict, change, and stress

　　　　  D. all of the above

　　 4. The following statements are true of the standards and rules to be established except——.

　　　　  A. the standards and rules should maintain order

　　　　  B. the standards and rules should not violate school policy

　　　　  C. the standards and rules are accepted only by the teachers and administration

　　　　  D. the standards and rules should ensure justice and protect students' individual rights

In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.

Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.

To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.

　　 1. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?

　　　　  A. To make jobs more varied.

　　　　  B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.

　　　　  C. Degree of work contribution.

　　　　  D. Demands for longer working hours.

　　 2. Why do workers want more money?

　　　　  A. Because their jobs are too boring.

　　　　  B. In order to enjoy more spare time.

　　　　  C. To make their jobs more interesting.

　　　　  D. To demand shorter working hours.

　　 3. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting——.

　　　　  A. they will want more money

　　　　  B. they will demand shorter working hours

　　　　  C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors

　　　　  D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them

　　 4. In this passage, the author tells us——.

　　　　  A. how to make the workers more productive

　　　　  B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency

　　　　  C. to what extent more money leads to greater productivity

　　　　  D. how to make workers' jobs more interesting

People who are married or in committed relationships are healthier, wealthier, and happier. So why do more than 60 percent of marriages end in divorce? Why has the national divorce rate climbed more than 200 percent in the last thirty years? And why are fewer people getting married today than ever before?

The answers to these questions are plentiful, but the main reason is simple. It's easy to “fall” in love but very few people know how to stay in love. Even though staying in love is our “smartest” choice all the way around! Recent studies on marriage prove it's one of the major ingredients in life-frog success for men and women. Marriage has also been found to boost happiness, reduce the degree of depression, and provide protection from sexually transmitted diseases.

So let's wake up, make up, and turn this trend around! One of the most amazing pieces of evidence that shows people are not in touch with what's really going on in their partnerships is the fact that the majority of people who put in for divorce say they didn't think there was a relationship-threatening problem just six months prior to breaking up. Another shocker is that most couples wait six years or more to seek professional help when their relationship is in danger. By the time they do wake up and smell the coffee, it's often too late.

Truly there is no reason to resign yourself to a bad relationship? Whether you're dating or married. Rather than changing partners and ending up this same predicament(困境) again, you can learn to have a fabulous (难以置信的) relationship with the partner you already have! I strongly encourage you to make the relationship you have work, because there is a higher rate of divorce in second marriages.

　　  1. According to the author, which of the following is NOT true?

　　　　 A. A happy marriage can be beneficial for both partners' mentality.

　　　　 B. More and more people face marriage crisis.

　　　　 C. Large portions of people are not quite sure of the meaning of true love.

　　　　  D. More and more people tend to be single.

　　  2. The fundamental reason for marriage crisis is——.

　　　　   A. that people are too easy to fall in love without a comprehensive understanding

　　　　   B. that people do not know how to get along well with partners after marriage

　　　　   C. some kinds of economic pressure and stress

　　　　   D. to maintain a life-long love is too difficult for common people

　　  3. What does the author mean by saying “...smell the coffee, it's often too late” in Para. 3？

　　　　   A. Partners who like drinking coffee are more likely to experience divorce.

　　　　   B. People are always not aware of enough about marriage crisis.

　　　　   C. Partners should have a happy ending of marriage when facing crisis.

　　　　   D. People should value their marriage.

　　  4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author may be a (an)

　　　　   A. journalist　　　　　　   B. professor

　　　　   C. advisor　　　　　　　　 D. official

People who speak or perform before the public sometimes may suffer from “Stage Fright”. Stage fright makes a person nervous. In the worst case it can make one's mind go back and forget what one ought to say, or to act. Actors, musicians, dancers, lawyers, even radio show hosts have suffered from stage fright at one time or another.

Diana Nichols is an expert in helping people free from stage fright at a medical center in New York City. She helps actors learn to control themselves. Miss Nichols says some people have always been afraid to perform before the audience. Others, she says, develop stage fright after a fearful experience.

She offers them ways to control the fear. One way is to smile before going onto the stage. Taking two deep breaths also helps. Deep breathing helps you get control of your body.

Miss Nichols persuades her patients to tell themselves that their speech or performance does not have to be perfect. It's all right to make a mistake. She tells them they should not be too cautious while they are performing. It is important that they should continue to perform while she is helping them. After each performance, they discuss what happened and find out what advice helped and what did not. As they perform more and more, they will fear less and less as much as 50%. Miss Nichols says the aim is only to reduce stage fright, not to eliminate it completely. This is because a little stage fright makes a person more cautious, and improves the performance.

　　 1. Miss Nichols is

　　　　 A. a teacher whose students can be free from stage fright

　　　　 B. an expert who helps people get rid of stage fright

　　　　 C. a teacher who helps people out when they’re suffering from stage fright

　　　　 D. a woman who never suffers from stage fright

　　 2. The underlined word “eliminate” in the last paragraph means——.

　　　　 A. keep　　　　  B. reduce　　　　   C. change　　　　  D. get rid of

　　 3. The wrong way to overcome stage fright is

　　　　 A. to smile before going to the stage

　　　　 B. to take two deep breaths to calm oneself

　　　　 C. to pay less attention to one's mistakes in performance

　　　　 D. to perform less and to watch more

　　 4. Which of the following statements is right?

　　　　 A. We can get rid of stage fright completely.

   　　  B. We can reduce stage fright as much as one third.

　　　　 C. A little stage fright can make actors perform better.

 D. A little stage fright leads to complete failure.

As late as 1800, women's only place was in the home. The idea of women in the business world was unthinkable. Men were certain that no woman could do a job outside her home. This was such a widely accepted idea that when the well known Bronte sisters began writing books in 1846, they had to sign their books with men's names instead.

Teaching was the first profession open to women soon after 1800. But even that was not an easy profession for women to enter because most schools and colleges were open only to men. Oberlin Colleges in Ohio was the first college in America to accept women.

Hospital nursing became respectable work for women only after Nightingale became famous. Seeing that she was not only a nurse but also a rich and well-educated woman, people began to believe it was possible for women to nurse the sick and still be “ladies”. Miss Nightingale opened England's first school for nurses in 1860.

The invention of the typewriter in 1867 helped to bring women out of the home and into the business world. By 1900, thousands of women were working at real jobs in schools, hospitals, and offices, in both England and America. Some women even managed to become doctors or lawyers. The idea that women could work in the business world had been accepted.

　　 1. Why couldn't women become teachers easily?

　　    A. Because the first profession to them was writing.

　　    B. Because most schools and colleges were open only to men.

　　    C. Because they wanted to be nurses instead.

　　    D. Because they had to work in the business world.

　　 2. Which of the following is TRUE?

　　　　 A. The first typewriter was invented 1970's.

　　　　 B. All nurses are rich and well-known women.

　　　　 C. People's ideas about women's work have changed.

　　　　 D.  Most women in America are doctors or lawyers.

　　 3. The passage is mainly about——.

　　　　 A. women in the business world　　 B. the famous women in the business world

　　　　 C. schools and colleges in America　　   D. rights for American women

　　 4. We can infer from the passage that——.

　　　　 A. a man can't type

　　　　 B. the first college that accepted women was Oberlin College in Ohio

　　　　 C. Bronte sisters had pennames when they began writing their novels

　　　　 D. a woman can do all kinds of work better than a man