What is love? This is a complex question and requires a complex answer. Love is an enduring, strong, positive attraction and feeling for another person or thing. But it is more than this. It also involves feelings of caring, protection, excitement, and tenderness. When two people are in love, they feel drawn to one another; they greatly enjoy each other's company; and they may be sexually attracted to one another.

Sometimes it is easier to think in term of different kinds of love: “puppy” love, romantic love, brotherly love, and so forth. Though they differ in some respects, they share one important characteristic: a strong positive feeling toward another.

Our feeling toward other people are often complex. We may love someone and, at the same time, be angry with him. Or we may love someone, even though we are jealous of him. We might even love someone and, at the same time, hate him for some specific reason. Hate is a strong negative emotion toward someone, and is due to anger, jealousy, or some other factor. Like love, hate can be a very strong emotion. It can also be very dangerous. The question is often asked, “Is it bad to hate?” The best answer is probably “sometimes yes and sometimes no.” Usually hate does not help us; it makes us feel unhappy and makes us do things that may hurt others. However, sometimes it may be necessary to hate and hurt someone in order to protect loved ones.

　　  1. In the parts previous to the passage you've just read, the author has probably been discussing

　　　　   A. the two most important human emotions—love and hate

　　　　   B. some emotions that are only produced by animals

　　　　   C. some other sots of human emotions than of love and hate

　　　　   D. none of the above

　　  2. According to the passage, the emotion of love has been medically paid less attention to because——.

　　　　　　 A. it is too common to be talked about

　　　　　　 B. compared with other kinds of emotions, love is not so important

　　　　　　 C. the study of love needs great effort and advanced scientific research

　　　　　　 D. love is harmless and too complex for description

　　  3. When two people are in love, they

　　　　　　 A. will never be angry with or hate each other

　　　　 B. are strongly attracted to each other

　　　　     C. will not be jealous of each other

　　　　　　 D. tend to do all of the above

　　  4. Which of the following might best be used as the tide for the passage?

　　　　　　 A. Two Most Important Emotions towards Others

　　　　　　 B. Love More and Hate Less

　　　　　　 C. The Great Benefits of Love and the Serious Harm of Hate

　　　　　　 D. Some Advice to Those Who Are In love

Careless smokers are responsible for thousands of forest fires each year. Many of these are started when cigarette butts and matches are tossed from automobiles. Others are caused by hunters, hikers, fishermen, or woods workers who are careless in disposing of their smoking material. The Forest Service has posted rules in many of the National Forests that prohibit smoking except in certain designated areas. Many of the states have laws against throwing lighted materials from automobiles. The prevention of smoker-caused fires, however, depends upon changing the attitudes and behavior of millions of people who smoke in hazardous area.

The most important natural cause of fire is lightning. This accounts for 11 percent of forest fires on protected land for the entire nation. In the western states, lightning causes a much higher percentage of fire than it does in the east.

Advances in knowledge of fire weather are helping forest protection forces to know when to be alert for lightning-caused fires. Adequate and well-equipped forces can control them quickly and hold the damage to a minimum. Experiments in “seeding” thunder clouds to prevent or control the lightning itself have been in process for many years, but new breakthroughs are needed for any significant reduction in the lightning starts.

　　 1. The passage is chiefly about

　　　　 A. smoking in forests

　　　　 B. the chief cause of forest fire and their prevention

　　　　 C. changing the attitudes and behavior of millions of people

　　　　 D. advances in knowledge of fire weather

　　 2. Preventing smoker-caused forest fires is mainly a problem of——.

　　　　 A. building the proper knowledge and habits in human beings

　　　　 B. safeguarding the forest from fire

　　　　 C. posting rules in forests

　　　　 D. holding the damage to minimum　　　　　　　　   　　

　　 3. Lightning-caused fires can be controlled quickly by——.

　　　　 A. hunters and woods workers　　　　　　   B. responsible smokers

　　　　 C. adequate and well-equipped forces　　　　 D changing people's habits

　　 4. Which of the following statements is not true?

　　　　 A. The chief causes of forest fires are human carelessness, negligence, or ignorance.

　　　　 B. Lightning, the important natural cause of forest fire, can be prevented or controlled by men.

　　　　 C.  Quite a few states in America have laws against throwing lighted materials from automobiles.

　　　　 D. “Seeding” thunder clouds are a good way to prevent forest fire.

The Great Fire was not seen as a total tragedy, however. The miserable conditions of the city had been attacked by physicians  (医师) and humanitarians (人道主义者) for years before the fire; thus, with the opportunity clearly presented to create  a shining new city, artists and craftsmen from all over England hurried to submit their designs for the rebuilding of London.

Among those who submitted plans was Sir Christopher Wren, one of England's leading architects and the Surveyor General of London. The task of rebuilding the city was given to him. Wren realized that the Great Fire would not have been so damaging if the city had been better laid out: broader streets were needed to replace the crooked, narrow lanes overhung with old wooden houses and shops. He also felt that redesigning the main streets of London would result in increased and more effective transportation within the city.

Shortly after Wren began working on his first drafts for the rebuilding, King Charles I made an announcement prohibiting the construction of any house or shop within the city limits until after the plans were completed. When the plans were revealed to the citizens of London, however, they were overwhelmingly (不可抵抗的) rejected. The most active leaders of the opposition were the landlords, who feared that such a complete widening of the streets would reduce the amount of land available for development.

Winter was approaching; consequently, it was necessary for the rebuilding to proceed at once. Permission was, therefore, granted for the town people and landlords to commence (着手) reconstruction of their houses and shops at the sites where they had been before the fire. Had the need for immediate action not been so pressing, some kind of compromise (折衷) could likely have been reached. This was not to be, however, and the ideas that could have made London one of the world's most beautiful cities never came to pass.

　　  1. Who was the head of the British government at the time of the Great Fire of London?

　　　　   A. Elizabeth the First.　　  B. General Surveyor.

　　  C. Sir Christopher Wren.　　 D. Charles the First.

　　  2. What became of the plans for the rebuilding of London?

　　　　   A. Nothing—they were never finished.

　　　　   B. They were adopted in modified form.

　　　　   C. They were followed and London was rebuilt at once.

　　　　   D. Nothing—London was rebuilt as it had been before the fire.

　　  3. Which of the following describes the author's probable attitude toward Sir Christopher Wren's plans?

　　　　   A. He feels it would have been a mistake to rebuild London according to Wren’s designs.

　　　　   B. He feels it was a mistake for London not to have been rebuilt according to Wren's designs.

　　　　   C. He feels that someone other than Wren should have been chosen to plan the rebuilding.

　　　　   D. He feels that Wren's ideas had much more influence than is commonly acknowledged.

　　  4. Which of the following would be an appropriate title for the passage?

　　　　   A. The Life and Times of Sir Christopher Wren.

　　    B. The Rebuilding of London.

　　　　   C. The Destruction of Fish Street Hill.

　　　　   D. The London That Might Have Been.

At a scientific meeting, Professor Rontgen called this ray “the unknown”, the X-ray. Doctors quickly saw how this could be used, and soon there were X-ray machines in all the big hospitals. The most obvious use for this discovery was to enable doctors to see exactly how a bone was broken. Other uses came later. It was found that these rays could be used to destroy cancer cells, just as they destroyed the healthy cells of the doctors who first used the machines. Methods were found later which ulcers (溃疡) in the stomach could be located, and the lungs could be X-rayed to show if there was any tuberculosis (肺结核) present.

　　  1. How did Professor Rontgen discover the X-ray?

　　　　   A. He discovered it as the result of his careful-planned experiments.

　　　　   B. He discovered it by accident while he was doing an experiment.

　　　　   C. He discovered it because of his wife's good suggestion and help.

　　　　   D. He discovered it with the help of other physicists.

　　  2. According to Para. 1, what caused the strange dancing lights on Professor Rontgen's table in the laboratory?

　　　　   A. The electric bulb and the cardboard. 

　　　　   B. The current and the table.

　　　　  C. The unknown rays and the paper itself.

　　　　   D. The penetrating rays and the metal stilts.

  　　3. Professor Rontgen found that the X-ray could——.

　　　　  A. penetrate everything but metal

　　　　  B. pass through both flesh and bone

　　　　  C. penetrate only black cardboard

　　　　  D. cause the metal to shine

　　  4. Which of the following uses of X-ray are mentioned in the passage?

　　　　  1) to observe broken bones　　 2) to cut off useless damaged arms of legs

　　　　  3) to kill cancer cells　　   4) to locate ulcers in the stomach

　　　　  5) to find tuberculosis in the lungs

  6) to protect flesh and healthy cells

　　　　  A. 1) 3) 4) 5)　　 B. 1) 3) 4) 6)　　 C. 1) 2) 3) 5)　　  D. 2) 3) 5) 6)

At the peace negotiation with Britain, Americans demanded, and got, a western boundary at the Mississippi River. Thus the new nation secured for its birthright a vast internal empire rich in agricultural and mineral resources. But under their colonial charters, seven states—Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia—claimed portions of the western wilderness. Virginia's claim was the largest, stretching north and west to encompass the later states of Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. The language of the charters was vague and their validity questionable, but during the war Virginia reinforced its title by sponsoring Colonel Georgia Rogers Clark's 1778 Expedition to Vicennes and Kaskaskia, Which strengthened America's trans- Appalachian pretensions at the peace table.

The six states holding no claim to the trans-mountain region doubted whether a confederacy in which territory was so unevenly apportioned would truly prove what it claimed to be, a union of equals. Already New Jersey, Delaware, Rhode Island, and Maryland were among the smallest and least populous of the States. While they levied heavy taxes to repay state war debts, their larger neighbors might retire debts out of land-sale proceeds. Drawn by fresh lands and low taxes, people would desert the small states for the large, leaving the former to fall into bankruptcy and eventually into political subjugation. All the states shared in the war effort, said the New Jersey legislature, how then could half of them “be left no sink under an enormous debt, whilst others are enabled, in a short period, to replace all their expenditures from the hard earnings of the whole confederacy?” As the Revolution was a common endeavor, so ought its fruits, including the western lands, be a common property.

　　  1. With which of the following topics is the passage primarily concerned?

　　　　  A. A controversial public-land policy.

　　　　  B. How independence from Britain was won.

　　　　  C. The land holdings of Massachusetts.

　　　　  D. How New Jersey developed its western land.

　　  2. According to the passage, the British granted the new American nation a western boundary at——.

　　　　   A. Ohio　　　　   　　　　 B. Illinois

　　　　   C. the Mississippi River　　   D. the Appalachian Mountains

　　  3. Which state laid claim to the largest land-holdings?

　　　　   A. North Carolina.　　　　　　 B. South Carolina.

　　   C. Virginia.　　　　　　　　   D. Georgia.

　　  4. In line 13, the word “stretching” could best be replaced by which of the following?

　　　　   A. Lengthening.　　　　　　   B. Increasing.

　　　　   C. Exaggerating.　　　　　　  D. Extending.

There was special interest in the Olympic Games that year.

Adolf Hitler was ruler of Germany. Hitler and his Nazi Party believed that white people—especially German people—were the best race of people on earth. They believed that other races of people—especially those with dark skin—were almost less than human. In the summer of 1936, Hitler wanted to prove his beliefs to the world. He wanted to show that German athletes could win every important competition.

Jesse Owens was black, too. Until 1936, very few black athletes had competed in the Olympic Games for the United States. Jesse was proud to be on the team. He was very sure of his ability.

Jesse spent one week competing in four different Olympic track and field events in Berlin. During that time, he did not think much about the color of his skin, or about Adolf Hitler. At last, Jesse Owens won the highest award—the gold medal—in all four of the Olympic, competitions he entered. In the hundred meter run, he equaled the fastest time ever run in that Olympic event. In the long jump and the 200-meter run, he set new Olympic records. And as part of a four-man team, he helped set a new world record for the 400-meter relay race.

　　  1. How many nations took part in the Olympic Games in 1936?

　　　　  A. 50　　　　   B. 55　　　　　　　　  C. 60    　　　　  D. 65

　　  2. What can be inferred from the passage?

　　　　  A. Hitler thought of Jesse Owens as a hero.

　　　　  B. Hitler believed that black people were worse than white people.

　　　　  C. Jesse Owens was black.

　　　　  D. Jesse Owens was not confident in himself when he took part in the Olympic Games.

　　  3. In which city was the Olympic Games held in 19367

　　　　  A. In New York.　　　　    B. In London.

　　　　  C. In Germany.　　　　　　 D. In Berlin.

　　  4. What does the passage mainly talk about?

　　　　  A. Hitler's belief that German people were better than any other race of people in the world.

　　　　  B. Black young man—Jesse Owens—became famous by winning four gold medals in the Olympic Games in 1936.

　　　　  C. Jesse succeeded in the Olympic Games because of his hard training.

　　　　  D Hider hated black people, especially Jesse Owens.

Computer criminals don't use guns. And even if they are caught, it is hard to punish them because there are no witnesses and often no evidence. A computer cannot remember who used it; it simply does what it is told. One clerk at a New York City bank used a computer to steal more than one and a half million dollars in just four years. No one noticed this because he moved money from one account to another. Each time a customer he had robbed questioned the balance in his account, the clerk claimed a computer error, then replaced the missing money from someone else's account. This clerk was caught only because he was gambling. When the police broke up an illegal gambling operation, his name was put in the records.

Some employees use the computer's power to get revenge on employers they consider unfair. Recently, a large insurance company (保险公司) fired its computer-tape librarian for reasons that involved her personal rather than her professional life. She was given thirty days' notice. In those thirty days, she wiped out all the company's programmed records in the computer.

Most computer criminals (犯罪) have been minor (低级的) employees. But police wonder if it is true. As one official says, “I have a feeling that there is more crime out there than we are catching. What we are seeing now is all so poorly done. I wonder what the real experts are doing--the ones who really know how a computer works.”

　　 1. Why do many companies use computers to replace paper work?

　　　　  A. Because computers are fast, honest and make no mistakes.

　　　　  B. Because computers can not be used to steal money.

　　　　  C. Because computers are not expensive.

　　　　  D. Because computers have no conscience.

　　 2. What is the best advantage of computers for criminal?

　　　　  A. Computers never have a. bad day.

　　　　  B. Computers do not often provide evidence or witnesses.

　　　　  C. Computers can replace paper work.

　　　　  D. Computers are safe from human temptation.

　　 3. What happened once at a New York City bank?

　　　　  A. A man broke in and got away with a large sum of 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  B. One clerk gambled away 1.5 million dollars.

　　　　  C. One employee was caught by the police because he robbed a customer of his money.

   　　   D. One clerk in the bank stole a lot of money by means of computers.

　　 4. Why does computer crime worry the police?

　　　　  A. Because most computer criminals are major employees.

　　　　  B. Because many employees use computers to get revenge on their employers.

　　　　  C. Because they do not know how to deal with computer crime at all.

　　　　  D. Because there might be more computer crimes done by experts than they can deal with.

Perhaps most surprisingly, many said they were less frightened of death now than they were before. Like most people, before their near-death incidents many had thought death would be painful, the ultimate horror—but they did not find it was.

Surviving a nearly fatal experience also gave many people a sense of invulnerability that made them feel special and even religious. Several believed they had been saved because they were to fulfill some special mission in the remainder of their lives.

Perhaps not so surprisingly, these survivors also reported an increased zest for life and a determination to enjoy life more.

A few of the survivors did report negative reactions to their experience. A dozen said they felt more vulnerable, and some even felt a sense of helplessness and a loss of control over their lives. Some had become phobic about activities associated with the accident; for example, several said they could no longer swim for fear of drowning.

Yet most of those interviewee said they came away with a strong sense of renewal or rebirth. In studying their reactions researchers have concluded that these people have come to understand the relationship of life and death better and more intimately than most of us, they have come to understand how life is actually defined by death. Life is given meaning by the fact that it will end someday.

　　  1. From the passage, we can infer that the effects of near-death experiences on the survivors' life——.

　　　　  A. vary greatly from person to person

　　　　  B. differ due to the variety of circumstances

　　　　  C. are mostly positive in terms of their outlook on life

　　　　  D. are neither positive nor negative

　　  2. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is——.

　　　　    A. How to Improve a Person's Outlook on Life

　　　　  B. The Effects of Near-Death Experiences

　　　　    C. Is Death Really Horrible?

　　 　　   D. Near-Death Accidents and Their Survivors

　　  3. The positive effect of near-death experience was that——.

　　　　    A. some people loved life better because they realized its new meaning

　　　　    B. some people believed they were different from others and they had special work to do

　　　　      C. some people were no longer afraid of death just because they proved to be religious

　　　　      D. some people wanted to seek extreme happiness because they knew life was too limited

　　 4. Which effect of the near-death experience was the one that people had seldom expected?

　　　　  A. Some people felt more vulnerable.

　　　　  B. Some people did not worry too much about death any more.

　　　　  C. Some people paid more attention to the value of life.

　　　　  D. some people tended to be too pessimistic about death.

In Latin America, as in other places, the dreaded protein deficiency disease kwashiorkor (红体病) is taking as heavy toll of children's lives. Strategic vitamins and minerals may be lacing due to traditional diets which are nutritionally unbalanced. Here people continue their eating pattern year after year without knowledge of what their dietary habits are doing to themselves and to future generations.

With a basic knowledge of nutritional needs and deficiencies, efforts could be directed to finding food substitutes which could meet these needs. Mixtures of vegetable proteins, like soybeans and peanuts, could provide an abundance of cheap, useful protein where meat, eggs, and milk are not within economic reach of large groups in the population. Efforts could also be expended on increasing the agricultural productivity in specific regions; where large areas are given over to relatively inefficient use as gazing land, the intensive production of vegetable protein crops could bring remedial nutrition to an undernourished population. Elsewhere, enrichment with specific vitamins and minerals of traditional staple foods that are deficient in essential nutritive factors could wipe out disabling deficiency diseases most overnight. Similarly, addition of minute amounts of inexpensive iodine (碘) to salt benefit large areas where endemic goiter (地方流行性甲状腺肿大) has been accepted as an integral (组成的) part of life for generations.

　　 1. Which word can indicate the frequency of occurrence of goiter?

　　　　 A. endemic　　　　 B. minute　　　　  C. inexpensive　　  D. addition

　　 2. It is lack of　　　　   that cause malnutrition.

　　　　  A. protein　　   B. vitamins　　　　  C. iodine　　　　  D. food

　　 3. Cheap protein substitutes for milk, eggs, and meat——.

　　　　  A. can be found in iodized salt

　　　　 B. are being sought by scientists

　　　　  C. can be gotten from soybean

　　 D. may be obtained from vitamins and minerals

　　 4. Which is the best title for this passage?

　　　　  A. Improving Our Diet　　　　    B. Eliminating Starvation

　　　　  C. Science and Agriculture　　   D. Combating Malnutrition

Although most of the cave ice in the United States is found in lave caves, there are a number of limestone ice caves as well. Some people .believe that this ice was formed thousands of years ago, when temperatures were much colder than they are today. Others think that the cave ice broke off from the ancient glaciers as they spread over the country.

Today many cave scientists have another idea. They believe that cold water sinks down through cracks into these caves until  temperature is chilly enough to freeze the water that seeps (渗入) in. The ice that keeps the cave cool, and that helps build up still more ice. Many caves become covered with so much ice that no one knows just how thick it is. In some, such as crystal Falls Cave in Idaho, there are frozen rivers and even frozen waterfalls. Native Americans and early settlers used to store food in these underground refrigerators and chip out blocks of ice to melt for drinking water.

　　 1. What is the main idea about this passage?

　　　　  A. Characteristics of glaciers.　　　　  B. Uses for ice caves.

　　　　  C. The origin of cave ice.　　　　　　　　 D. Where glaciers can be found.

　　 2. What causes ice to build up in caves?

　　　　  A. Rivers and waterfalls water.

B. Icicles accumulate on the ceilings.

　　　　  C. Cave ice breaks off glaciers.

　　　　  D. Cold water seeps in and freezes.

　　  3. It can be inferred from the passage that the early settlers appreciated the ice caves for their——.

　　　　  A. practicality　　　　　　  B. beautiful interiors

　　 C. historical value　　　　  D. precious jewels

　　 4. The author compares icicles to precious jewels based on which of the following?

　　　　  A. appearance　　　　　　   B. cost

　　　　  C. method of formation　　  D. availability