The rapid growth of cities worldwide over the next two decades will cause significant risks to people and the global environment, according to analysis.

Researches from Yale and Stanford predict that by 2030 urban areas will expand by 590,000 square miles—nearly the size of Mongolia—to meet the needs of 1.47 billion more people living in urban areas.

“It is likely that these cities are going to be developed in places that are the most biologically diverse,” said Karen Seto, a famous scientist at Yale University. “They are going to be growing and expanding into forests, biological hotspots, savannas(热带稀缺大草原), coastlines—sensitive and vulnerable places.”

Urban areas, they found, have been expanding more rapidly along coasts. “Of all the places for cities to grow, coasts are the most sensitive. People and buildings along the coast are at risk of flooding and other environmental disasters,” said Seto.

The study provides the first estimate of how fast urban areas globally are growing and how fast they may grow in the future. “We know a lot about global patterns of urban population growth, but we know significantly less about how urban areas are changing,” she said. “Changes in land cover associated with urbanization lead to many environmental changes, from habitats loss and agricultural land conversion(转化) to changes in local and regional climate.”

The researchers examined studies that used satellite data to map urban growth and found that from 1970 to 2000 the world’s urban footprint had grown by at least 22,400 square miles—half the size of Ohio.

“This number is numerous, but, in actuality, urban land expansion has been far greater than what our analysis shows because we only looked at the published studies that used satellite data,” said Seto. “We found that 48 of the most populated urban areas have been studied using satellite data, with findings in journals. This means that we’re not tracking the physical expansion of more than half of the world’s largest cities.”

Half of urban land expansion in China is driven by a rising middle class, whereas the size of cities in India and Africa is driven primarily by population growth. “Rising incomes translate into rising demand for bigger homes and more land for urban development, which has a great effect on biodiversity conservations, loss of carbon sinks and energy use.”

1.According to the passage, the most dangerous place for city expansion is the _____.

A．forest            B．desert            C．savannas          D．coastline

2.The underlined word “vulnerable” (in Para. 3) probably means “____”.

A．diverse in plants                        B．beautiful in scenery

C．easily damaged                         D．very productive

3.From Para. 5, we can infer that ____.

A．urbanization is a good way to improve people’s standards of living

B．cities develop very fast and more and more people come to live in cities

C．more and more agricultural farmlands are used to make room for local animals

D．in the past, researchers focused their attention on the expanding urban areas

4.Cities in Africa become bigger and bigger mainly because of their ____.

A．growing population                      B．rising middle class

C．unique living patterns                    D．economic development

Faced with a tough job market, fresh graduates are dreaming of running their own businesses instead．But a recent survey has showed that such ambitions lack the required support and remain just that---dreams．

The Shanghai Municipal Employment Promotion Center poll of 1,276 graduates in several universities and colleges in the city, released last Friday, showed 59.78 percent of respondents considered the possibility of setting up a company or at least a small store．“But they just stop at the‘thinking’stage,” it stated．

Respondents put the top reasons for not going it alone down to a shortage of investment and a lack of business opportunity．They also listed lack of business experience and social networks, the need to advanced study and objections from family members as factors that stood in their way．

More than 90 percent of the interviewees said they would rather take up a job after graduating and then consider starting their own business two or three years down the road．

Guo Bing, a senior student in Shanghai International Studies University majoring in English, decided he wanted to be his own boss last year．But he is looking for a job first．“If I fail to find a satisfying job, I would like to establish a company in exhibition services,” Guo said．The Shanghai native has some relatives working in a local printing plant．With their help, Guo hopes to produce exhibition brochures(小册子） at a relatively low price．He is also confident that his English language skills can help him do well in the industry．

“Social networking is an important factor leading to business success,” Guo said．

Guo said that the shortage of graduate jobs is the main reason driving more university students to set up a business right after their graduation．

Jiang Ye, deputy director of Yangpu District Business Guide Center, said the universitysets up a business guide team made of government officials and professionals．They

regularly give training courses to students who show an interest in having their own business．

The parents of university graduates are more willing to help their children start up alone, the survey showed．"Once you win the support of your family, you have won half the battle," Guo added．

1.Which of the following can be the best title?

A．A Tough Job Market                     B．Graduates Dream of Being Boss

C．The Ambitious Fresh Graduates             D．The Story of Guo Bing

2. In the view of Guo Bing, what is the key factor that makes fresh graduates dream of being boss soon after graduation?

A．Their family don't support them．          B．Their social networking is not good．

C．There are not enough graduate jobs．       D．They want to achieve greater success．

3.Who is this article mostly intended for?

A．The parents whose child goes to university soon.

B．Those who will graduate from university．

C．Those who want to be bosses．

D．The officials who work in the government．

阅读表达（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）

【1】The air was pleasant and the music was loud in the vast square in front of the New York State office building in Harlem(哈莱姆， 美国纽约市黑人居住区) as health advocates（支持者，提倡者） set up information tables for Harlem wellness Week. It was a wide-ranging effort to educate people about non-communicable diseases: Heart disease, cancer, lung disease, obesity, and so on.

【2】There is an economic effect caused by these diseases, especially in Harlem, one of the city’s poorest districts. Without healthy employees and healthy customers, you cannot have healthy business, says Patricia Ricketts of the Greater Harlem Chamber of Commerce, which sponsors Wellness Week.

【3】Dr. Jo Ivy Boufford is president of the New York Academy of Medicine, a Wellness Week partner. She says education about better nutrition is important, but that people with low incomes often lack the means to put what they know into practice. But there is hope. New York is very active in adovating good, effective public health policies. “New York City has banned smoking in public places, both indoors and outdoors. That is a fantastic example of what can be done, without having any impact on the economy. It is a city where you have bike paths. That is a good message for the world, because bikes make your transport active. That is good for your health and lowers air pollution,” she said.

【4】“It is not enough to focus on the management of disease through medication,” Dr. Boufford says. “That’s why health advocates will be trying to persuade UN officials during Wellness Week to pass resolutions that deal with road and transport design and construction and other potential causes of non-communicable diseases.”

1.What is the main idea of the text? (no more than 8words)

2.Complete the following statement with words from Paragraph【4】.(no more than 3words)_______________ the management of disease through medication is not enough.

3.What noninfectious diseases are mentioned in the text?( no more than 6 words)

4.why not? (no more than 16 words)

5.What does the word “That”(paragraph 3) refer to?(no more than 4 words)

根据短文内容，从下框的A—F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余项．

A．Join learning communities and help each other.

B．Expect problems, never be disappointed, and gradually you’ll make it.

C．Anytime is learning time.

D．Get interested and arouse（唤起） your desire for knowledge.

E．Cover the same ground from different angles(角度).

F．Try to be a good and effective learner.

As a student, how we can learn our lessons effectively is a common problem which is always puzzling us．If you follow suggestions below, I'm sure you'll find the solution easily.

1.Your interest in the subject is the essential driver of success. You can' t learn what you do not want to learn. Emotion is an important part of the learning process. If you are even moderately interested in a subject, give yourself a chance. The key is to get started. If you can create some pleasurable routines, you may find that the subject grows on you. You must always remember learning is just like eating. You don' t expect to enjoy your food without appetite（食欲）.Therefore, you should always try to arouse your interest and desire for knowledge if you want to learn well.

2.Don't expect to understand things, or remember too much, the first time you study them．Think about what problem you will meet with in your study, so that you are well-prepared for it. Never be disappointed no matter what happens. Trust that things will get clearer as your brain comes to get new information. It is like a jig-saw puzzle or a cross-word puzzle（纵横填字游戏）. As you start to put the pieces together, or string the words together, the full picture becomes clearer. The brain learns all the time, but on its own schedule．Learning does not take place according to a schedule laid down by a curriculum or teacher. Keep at it, and you will gradually find that things that seem difficult at first, will become second nature with time.

3.Your brain is struggling to form patterns to cope with new input from your learning activities．Sometimes, no matter how long you focus on one subject, your brain is not going to pick it up．If you are stuck, move on．Then cover the same general information from a different source, a different book, or a blog, or an online lecture or a video．Try to become a grazing learner, wandering about the countryside, rather than a feed-lot learner, just standing there in one spot, chewing the same bale of hay．The broader your base, the easier it is to learn．Just as the "rich get richer" , the more you know, the more you can learn．

4.Take full advantage of the Internet, blogs, and various mobile devices, not to mention good old-fashioned books and magazines．Learn during "dead time". Listen in your car, on the train, or while jogging. Have your learning with you while waiting in the doctor's office, or listen while checking out at the supermarket. Anytime is learning time．Remember, you are learning through exposure, not by nailing things down. It is more like moisture accumulation in a cloud, rather than building a brick wall．

5.The "loneliness of the distance learner" is a thing of the past．Join a learning community on the web, where members share their knowledge and experience. Search for the communities that suit your interests and learning styles. You will find encouragement, advice and stimulus from fellow learners, as well as from tutors, teachers and coaches．In these communities, you can measure your progress against your own goals, or compare your experience with that of other learners．You can even teach and help others, which is a great way to learn.

阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

To give the things you don’t need

When I moved into my new house, there was already a washing machine in it. However, I had just bought a new one, so I wondered what to do with the machine that was already in my house. I remembered two girls who regularly knocked at my door for religious reasons.

They never had or kept anything they didn’t need. If one of them needed something, they would work for the amount of time it took to make the money and then return to their religious work. They had just moved into their own house so I decided to give them all the things I didn’t need in my house. Whatever they didn’t need, they could give to the charity store they helped support.

I asked them if they needed a washing machine and they looked at each other and smiled. It turned out that they had called on a complete stranger the week before, a shingle mother with a new –born baby to take care of. She had been washing clothes by hand. When hey got home they discussed the fact that the woman probably needed their washing machine more than they did so they gave it to her. And their good deed had come back to them as they would be able to have my washing machine.

【写作内容】

1．以约30个词概括上文的内容要点；

2．然后以约120个词就“To give the things you don’t need”的主题发表你的看法,内容包括：

说说文中提到的赠予方式的利与弊。

你赞同作者的这种赠予方式吗？请说明理由。

如果将来你也有机会参与这样的赠予活动，你愿意捐赠些什么、赠予给谁呢？

【写作要求】

1．在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；

2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。

In order to keep fit, he chooses vegetables and fruit in ____to any kind of meat.

A．comparison        B．preference        C．control           D．advantage

The whole morning  _____ the windows and the floors tomorrow.

A．shall be spent to wash                    B．is going to take to wash

C．will speng in washing                     D．will be spent washing

Why does teaching as a career ________ many people?

A．apply for          B．attract to          C．appeal to          D．agree with

He is __      that everyone likes to make friends with him.

A．a such honest boy                       B．so honest a boy

C．so an honest boy                        D．such honest a boy