People diet to look more attractive．Fish diet to avoid being beaten up，thrown out of their social group，and getting eaten as a result．That is the fascinating conclusion of the latest research into fish behavior by a team of Australian scientists．

The research team have discovered that subordinate fish voluntarily diet to avoid challenging their larger competitors．“In studying gobies we noticed that only the largest two individuals，a male and female，had breeding（繁殖）rights within the group，” explains Marian Wong．“All other group members are nonbreeding females，each being 5-10% smaller than its next largest competitor．We wanted to find out how they maintain this precise size separation．”

The reason for the size difference was easy to see．Once a subordinate fish grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it causes a fight which usually ends in the smaller goby being driven away from the group．More often than not，the evicted fish is then eaten up．

It appeared that the smaller fish were keeping themselves small in order to avoid challenging the boss fish．Whether they did so voluntarily，by restraining how much they ate，was not clear．The research team decided to do an experiment．They tried to fatten up some of the subordinate gobies to see what happened．To their surprise，the gobies simply refused the extra food they were offered，clearly preferring to remain small and avoid fights，over having a feast．

The discovery challenges the traditional scientific view of how boss individuals keep their position in a group．Previously it was thought that large individuals simply used their weight and size to threaten their subordinates and take more of the food for themselves，so keeping their competitors small．

While the habits of gobies may seem a little mysterious，Dr．Wong explains that understanding the relationships between boss and subordinate animals is important to understanding how hierarchical（等级的）societies remain stable．

The research has proved the fact that voluntary dieting is a habit far from exclusive to humans．“As yet，we lack a complete understanding of how widespread the voluntary reduction of food intake is in nature，” the researchers comment．“Data on human dieting suggests that，while humans generally diet to improve health or increase attractiveness，rarely does it improve long-term health and males regularly prefer females that are fatter than the females’ own ideal．”

1．When a goby grows to within 5-10% of the size of its larger competitor，it _________．

A．faces danger                                              B．has breeding rights

C．eats its competitor                                      D．leaves the group itself

2．The underlined words “the evicted fish” in Paragraph 3 refer to _________．

A．the fish beaten up                                     B．the fish found out

C．the fish fattened up                                           D．the fish driven away

3．The experiment showed that the smaller fish _________．

A．fought over a feast                                     B．went on diet willingly

C．preferred some extra food                           D．challenged the boss fish

4．What is the text mainly about?

A．Fish dieting and human dieting．                  B．Dieting and health．

C．Human dieting．                                         D．Fish dieting．

Andrew Ritchie，inventor of the Brompton folding bicycle，once said that the perfect portable bike would be “like a magic carpet…You could fold it up and put it into your pocket or handbag”．Then he paused： “But you'll always be limited by the size of the wheels．And so far no one has invented a folding wheel．”

It was a rare — indeed unique — occasion when I was able to put Ritchie right．A 19th-century inventor，William Henry James Grout，did in fact design a folding wheel．His bike，predictably named the Grout Portable，had a frame that split into two and a larger wheel that could be separated into four pieces．All the bits fitted into Grout's Wonderful Bag，a leather case．

Grout’s aim：to solve the problems of carrying a bike on a train．Now doesn’t that sound familiar? Grout intended to find a way of making a bike small enough for train travel：his bike was a huge beast．And importantly，the design of early bicycles gave him an advantage：in Grout’s day，tyres were solid，which made the business of splitting a wheel into four separate parts relatively simple．You couldn't do the same with a wheel fitted with a one-piece inflated（充气的） tyre．

So，in a 21st-century context，is the idea of the folding wheel dead? It is not．A British design engineer，Duncan Fitzsimons，has developed a wheel that can be squashed into something like a slender ellipse（椭圆）．Throughout，the tyre remains inflated．

Will the young Fitzsimons's folding wheel make it into production? I haven't the foggiest idea．But his inventiveness shows two things．First，people have been saying for more than a century that bike design has reached its limit，except for gradual advances．It's as silly a concept now as it was 100 years ago：there's plenty still to go for．Second，it is in the field of folding bikes that we are seeing the most interesting inventions．You can buy a folding bike for less than £1，000 that can be knocked down so small that it can be carried on a plane — minus wheels，of course — as hand baggage．

Folding wheels would make all manner of things possible．Have we yet got the magic carpet of Andrew Ritchie’s imagination? No．But it's progress．

1．We can infer from Paragraph 1 that the Brompton folding bike _________．

A．was portable                                              B．had a folding wheel

C．could be put in a pocket                              D．looked like a magic carpet

2．We can learn from the text that the wheels of the Grout Portable _________．

A．were difficult to separate                             B．could be split into 6 pieces

C．were fitted with solid tyres                          D．were hard to carry on a train

3．We can learn from the text that Fitzsimons's invention _________．

A．kept the tyre as a whole piece                      B．was made into production soon

C．left little room for improvement                    D．changed our views on bag design

4．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A．Three folding bike inventors                         B．The making of a folding bike

C．Progress in folding bike design                     D．Ways of separating a bike wheel

阅读下面短文，根据第1至第3小题的具体要求，简要回答问题。

A long time ago，Milton S．Hershey，the creator of the popular chocolate bars，was dipped in warm chocolate．I know all about it．My grandfather was there!

At nineteen，Hershey established a candy business in Philadelphia．Although it failed，he tried again in several other cities and succeeded with Crystal A Caramels．But Hershey was not content．He began experimenting with chocolate and managed to sell his first chocolate bars in 1900．They were an instant success．In 1903，Hershey built a factory．

Hershey was usually pleasant and kind and enjoyed a good joke．However，in his chocolate factory，he held high standards for all the workers．He was both respected and feared．His anger would burst out when things didn't go as he'd expected，and workers were fired for mistakes．

My grandfather began working in the factory as a young man．His job was to push the vats（大桶）of warm chocolate to a storage area．To do this，he had to push the heavy vats up a ramp（斜坡）and across the walkway．One day，Hershey was walking backward on the walkway while my grandfather was pushing a vat of chocolate up the ramp．Bump．Clunk．Ker-plop! Hershey fell backward into the vat．Everyone else held their breath and ran up to pull him out．Grandfather froze in fear．Was he going to lose his job?

Hershey stood stiffly with his hands on his hips．Color rose in his face．He said something in a low voice．Then he smiled．“It's not your fault，son，” he said．“I need to watch where I’m going．” He put some chocolate in his mouth．“Mmm，that's good，” he said．Everyone laughed．The tour continued，with Hershey dripping chocolate as he went．And Grandfather kept his job．

1．What did Grandfather do in Hershey's factory? （回答词数不超过12个）

2．Why didn’t Hershey fire Grandfather? （回答词数不超过10个）

3．What does the incident show us about Hershey? （回答词数不超过15个）

阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在文后的空格里填上适当的单词或短语。

注意：每空不超过3个单词。

What is eco-fashion? Eco-fashion is a complex phenomenon and the common use of the term covers two aspects of fashion — ‘ecological’ and ‘ethical’（伦理的）．Ecological fashion usually refers to textile（织物）and clothing production processes and the environmental issues （议题） surrounding them；ethical fashion generally relates to the working conditions involved in the producing processes．

What are the problems with fashion? Firstly，the production of textiles pollutes the environment heavily．Cotton-planting uses pesticides；sheep-farming and wool-cleaning contribute to global warming；synthetics-making（人造纤维生产）brings about harmful waste．Secondly，every stage of clothing production has a significant effect on the environment．They all use a great deal of energy，and some also involve harmful chemicals．In addition to this，there is a lot of waste produced in the process，especially in the form of polluted water．Thirdly，growing consumption levels and our shopping habits further worsen the bad effects．We are now buying clothes in increasing quantities without realizing the scale on which it affects natural environment，and we are also quick to throw away clothes that have been worn only a couple of times．

Then，how to solve the problems? To a large degree，it is the fashion producers that really have the power and the responsibility to shape our future．There are numerous ways in which these producers can reduce their ecological footprint，from switching to green energy and reducing energy use，through selecting sustainable（可持续使用的）materials and choosing local suppliers，to recycle and minimize waste．On the other hand，as consumers we can all make contributions by selecting environmentally friendly clothing and reducing clothing consumption．

Now many people are beginning to shop for organic food products because the benefits of eating food free of chemicals are straightforward and immediate．They relate directly to our personal health．In fact，choosing eco-fashion can also contribute to our personal health，though it is mostly done by way of keeping the health of the planet．

假设你是某中学新老师李红，请给你的朋友张华写一封信，告诉他你第一天上课的情况，主要内容如下：

1．描述一件课堂上令你印象深刻的事情；

2．介绍你处理该事的方式；

3．谈谈你的感想。

注意：

1．词数不少于120个；

2．可适当发挥想象，增加细节，以使行文连贯；

3．文中不得出现与本人及学校相关的任何真实信息。

--Thank you for your MP4 player. I’ll ask Mary to take it to you soon.

--___________. I’ve bought a new one.

 A. No sense        B. No hurry        C. No way        D. No use

_________ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars.

A. Giving         B. Having given         C. To give         D. Given

The _________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _________ car.

A. girl’s; Tom’s        B. girls’; Toms’        C. girls’; Tom’s        D. girl’s; Toms’

According to statistics, a man is more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer ________ a woman.

A. than         B. such         C. so         D. as

Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world.

A. /; the        B. the; /        C. an; the         D. the; a