When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．

       The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which was named after Catherine Kitty Genovese, a．young woman who was murdered on March 13, 1964．Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．Despite Genovese]s repeated cries for help , none of the dozen or so people in the nearby apartment building who heard her cries called the police for help ．The attach first began at 3:20 , but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted the police．

       There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion（分散）of responsibility．Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．

       The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation, is ambiguous．In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnessing reported that they believed that they were witnessing a " lovers' quarrel" , and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．

1．The passage seems to suggest that Genovese might not have been murdered if there had been_____．

       A．no observer                                       B．fewer observers

       C．more observers                                   ．                            D．younger observers

2．Genovese was murdered                    .

       A．while she was going out                      B．in her apartment

       C．halfway home                                D．in front of her apartment ?

3．The underlined word "this" in the last paragraph probably refers to ____．

       A．not doing anything to help                     B．behaving in correct ways

       C．taking action                                       D．murdering

4．We can learn from the passage that Genovese's neighbors didn't lend a hand partly because they ____．

       A．were afraid of being attacked by the murderer

       B．thought someone else might come to her rescue．

       C．didn't get along well with her

       D．were sure it was murdering

In the late nineteenth century, 5,000 pianos were sold in the United States each year and, with over half a million youths learning to play the instrument, there was a huge demand for sheet music （活页乐谱）．Indeed the demand was so huge that publishers rushed to enter the profitable market．During the last fifteen years of the century, many publishers began to set up shops in New York, the center for the production of the musical arts.

       By the turn of the nineteenth century many important publishers had their offices on 28^th Street between Broadway and 5th Avenue, and this Is the area that became known as Tin Pan Alley．It was here that publishers adopted new, aggressive business practices and marketing techniques to achieve great sales．

       How it became to be known by that name is unclear, but the general opinion is that it is down to a visiting journalist by the name of Monroe Rosenfeld．He described the area as being drowned in the noise coming from the producers' offices, sounding as though hundreds of people were hitting tin pans（锡锅）．He used it several times in his newspaper articles in the early twentieth century and the term stuck．With time this name was popularly embraced and many years later it came to describe the U．S．music publishing industry in general．

       The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885, but the end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear-cut．Some date it to the start of the Great．Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph（留声机） and radio replaced sheet music, as the driving force of American popular music, while others consider Tin Pan Alley to have continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged （抢风头） by the rise of rock & roll．

      There's a plaque（纪念匾牌）on the sidewalk on 28th Street in honor of the influence of Tin Pan Alley on American popular culture, but the buildings that were home to the legendary Tin Pan Alley publishers and songwriters are up for sale and may be torn down to make room for modern high-rise buildings．

1．What is the passage mainly about?

       A．American popular music．

       B．Tin Pan Alley's future。

       C．American music Industry．

       D．The history of Tin Pan Alley．

2．In the early 20th century．Tin Pan Alley was used to refer to ____．

       A．the American popular culture．            B．the American printing media

       C．the American rock-music center                                      D．the American music publishing industry．

3．In the nineteenth century, the driving force of American popular music was:____．

       A．rock & roll                          B．sheet music

       C．country music                       D．phonographs and radios

4．When visiting Tin Pan Alley, Rosenfeld probably felt it was ____．

       A．very noisy          B．very quiet        C．wide               D．narrow

5．We can learn from the passage that ______．

       A．the term " Tin Pan Alley" was perhaps first used by Rosenfeld．

       B．the old shops of Tin Pan Alley will be well protected．

       C．Tin Pan Alley got its name in the early nineteenth century．

       D．there were once some factories in Tin Pan Alley

PLAYA GRANDE, COSTA RICA? This resort town was long known for Leatherback Sea Turtle （棱皮龟）National Park, nightly turtle beach tours and even a sea turtle museum．However, on a beach where dozens of turtles used to nest on a given night, scientists spied only 32 leatherbacks all of last year．

       With leatherbacks threatened with extinction （灭绝）, Playa Grande's turtle museum was abandoned three years ago and now sits among a sea of weeds．And the beachside ticket office for turtle tours was washed away by a high tide in September．"We do not promote that 'as a turtle tourism destination anymore because we realize there are far too few turtles to please,” said Alvaro Fonseca, a park ranger （管理员）．

       Even before scientists found temperatures going up over the past decade, sea turtles were threatened by beach development, drift net fishing and Costa Ricans' interest in eating turtle eggs．Btu climate change may cause the most serious harm to an animal that has lived in the Pacific for 150 million years．

       Sea turtles are sensitive to numerous effects of warming．They feed on reefs, which are dying in hotter seas．They lay eggs on beaches that are being covered by rising seas and more violent waves．

       More uniquely their gender （性别）is determined, not by genes but by the egg's temperature during development．Small rises in beach temperatures can result in ail-female populations, obviously problematic for survival．If the sand around the eggs hits 30 degrees Celsius, the gender balance shits to females: at about 32 degrees they are all female．Above 34, you get boiled eggs．

       On some nesting beaches, scientists are artificially cooling nests with shade or irrigation and trying to protect broader areas of coastal property from development to ensure that turtles have a place to nest as the seas rise．

1．Why does the resort: town stop promoting its turtle tourism?

       A．It decides not to disturb the turtles' normal life．

       B．Tourists have lost interest in watching turtles．

       C．There are only very few turtles now．

       D．The turtle museum was destroyed by a high tide．

2．Which of the following is the major factor in the turtles endangerment?

       A．The local's eating habit．              B．Drift net fishing

       C．Beach development                        D．Global warming

3．We learn from the last paragraph that scientists ____．

       A．．are doing research on the sea rise．

       B．are moving turtles to new homes

       C．are protecting turtles' nests

       D．are getting rid of sea weeds．

4．The passage intends to ____．

       A．introduce a special kind of sea turtle

       B．explain the mystery of turtles' eggs

       C．show the dangers a certain kind of turtle is facing

       D．attract more visitors to a sea turtle museum

此题要求改正所给短文中的错误，对标有题号的每一题做出判断：如无错误，在该行右边横线上画（√）：如有错误（每行只有一个错误），则按下面情况改正：

    此行多一词：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉，在该行右边横线上写出该词，并也用斜线划掉。

    此行缺一词：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。

    此行错一词：在错词的下面划一横线，在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。

    注意：原文没有错误不要改。

My English teacher was always too absorbed in the text being          1．        

studied that he never looked u^．He had habit of asking a．            2．        

student to translate the text, and he often choose the same             3．        

student without realizing them! himself, The student ．out          4．        

of respect, didn't point it out．Before being called so many              5．        

times, the student, his name was Jack, had to ask his friends          6．        

for advices．The next day when the teacher asked Jack to               7．        

translate the text, Jack replying, "He is absent today,                  8．        

because of he has a sick sister to look after at home．                         9．        

"All right," said the teacher, "-you translate the text."                         10．        

假如你是李明，你收到美国笔友的电子邮件如下：

       Date: Wed, 8 April．2011 18:09:39

       From: Tom White  twhite@vahoo．com

       To:   Li Ming    liming5@yahoo.com.cn

       Subject: Question

       Dear Li Ming,

       Hi, I'm visiting China next month．Isn't it exciting? Could you please tell me something about Kunming, your hometown?

       Looking forward to your reply．

       Thanks．

根据以下内容回复：

       地理位置：我国西南    面积：约21473平方公里     人口：619多万

       特    色：气候宜人；交通便利；旅游、文化资源丰富，游客既可欣赏美景，又可品尝各种风味食品。

       其    他：乐意充当导游。

       注意：

       1．词数：100左右。开头为你写好，但不计入总词数；

       2．内容可适当发挥，注意行文连贯。

Dear Tom,

       Hi, I’m glad…                                                             

—I'd like to make an appointment with Doctor Smith．Would 9:00 tomorrow be all right?

—      ．Her schedule is full in the morning.

A．Yes, she's free then                                     B．I'm afraid not

C．You must be joking                              D．Well, it depends

There is       small temple on the island, which can only be reached by       water.

A．a; 不填          B．a; the           C．the; the             D．the; 不填

As a result of heavy snow, the high-way has been closed up until further ______.

A．news              B．notice              C．message             D．knowledge

He is very smart and       can be hidden from him.

A．nothing            B．something             C．everything              D．anything

You'll find it hard to get rid of the drug habit       you have it.

A．before             B．once               C．until        D．though