If you walk into W. Lloyd Jerome's dental surgery (手术) in Glasgow, you'll see bright paintings and a
fashionable blue couch which patients sit on while he checks their teeth. Jerome says, "That's because they're
frightened."
     1_____ "That's why I don't wear a white coat. I find that's one of the things that people associate with
pain. In fact, my philosophy is that dental treatment should take place in an atmosphere of relaxation, interest
and, above all, enjoyment."
     Which is all highly shocking for anyone who associates dental treatment with pain, or at the very least,
formal, clinical visits. He says, "If people are relaxed, entertained and correctly treated, they will forget such
previous unpleasant experiences."
     Virtual-reality headsets are one of his new relaxation techniques, "2_____ The headsets are used for the
first check-up, where the patient sits on the blue couch and watches an underwear film while I look at their
teeth." Then the headset switches to a special camera, to give the patient a visual tour around their mouth.
     Another key point is that the surgery smells more like a perfume shop than a dentist's. Today there is the
smell of orange."When people walk in, I want them to realize with all their senses that it's not like going to
dentist's. Smell is very important. 3_____"
     Known as Glasgow's most fashionable dentist, Jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very
seriously. "4_____"
     For example, Jerome uses a special instrument which sprays warm water on the teeth to clean them, rather
than scraping them. "It feels a bit strange, but as long as people are relaxed, it's not painful."
     5_____ "One of the things I found out there was that when you make it easier for the patient, you make it
easier for yourself." He sees his patient-centered attitude as the start of a gradual movement towards less
formality in the conservative British dentistry profession.
     At that moment, a patient arrives. Jerome rushes over, offers him a cup of tea, asks him what video he'd
like to watch and leads him gently towards the chair.

A. Five years ago, Jerome went to the United States to do research.
B. He has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid.
C. The relaxation techniques are important but the quality of the treatment is the most important thing.
D. We were the first practice in Britain to introduce them.
E. Now they look forward to their visits here.
F. That dental smell of surgical spirit can get the heart racing in minutes if you're frightened of dentists.
G. Fifty percent of the population only go to the dentist when they're in pain.

     Those who have suffered from insomnia know the sinking feeling of watching the clock tick. Now
a new study in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that lying in bed awake may actually contribute
to the problem of sleeplessness.
     The study of 79 adults (average age 72) with insomnia aimed to determine whether brief behavioral
interventions for insomnia would help. Traditional behavioral therapy (疗法) requires at least half a dozen
hour-long sessions with a therapist-a costly commitment many patients either can't make or don't have
access to. Other options include sleep-aiding medications or supplements. In the current study, the 39
participants in the behavioral therapy group received a 45-to 60-minute instructing session, plus a 30-minute
follow-up session and two 20-minute phone calls.
     Doctors offered the following behavioral interventions for improving sleep: reduce time in bed; get up
at the same time every day, regardless of sleep duration; don't go to bed unless sleepy; and don't stay in bed
unless asleep.
     The other 40 participants in the study were given printed educational materials about insomnia, which
included the same instructions given to the intervention group, but without the individualized sessions with
a therapist. Two weeks later, the latter group also got a 10-minute follow-up phone call.
     At the end of four weeks, the behavioral treatment group was significantly more likely to show
improvements in sleep than the printed-materials group. By that time, 55% of those who received behavioral
treatment no longer met the criteria for insomnia, compared with 13% of the group that got educational
brochures.
     The good news comes at the same time as a report on the health effects of insomnia from the U.K.'s
Mental Health Foundation. The report, Sleep Matters, suggests a link between insomnia and poor relationships,
low energy levels and an inability to concentrate. Poor sleep has already been linked to depression, immune
deficiency and heart disease.

1. What is the meaning of the underlined word "insomnia"?  

A. sleeplessness
B. depression
C. heart disease
D. immune deficiency

2. What is the disadvantage of traditional behavioral therapy?

A. It can't help.
B. It costs a lot of money.
C. It requires sessions with a therapist.
D. It includes sleep-aiding medications.

3. How to improve sleep according to the doctor?

A. Lying in bed awake.
B. Get up early every day.
C. Don't go to bed late at night.
D. Don't stay in bed if you are not asleep.

4. We can learn from the text that insomnia may cause the following results except _____.

 A. depression
B. concentration
C. immune deficiency
D. heart disease

5. What can we infer from the study?

A. The intervention group was not given the printed materials.
B. The latter group of the study was not given follow-up phone calls.
C. The behavioral treatment group was less likely to show improvements.
D. The instructing session that the intervention group received is most effective.

     A rainforest is an area covered by tall trees with the total high rainfall spreading quite equally through the
year and the temperature rarely dipping below l6℃. Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment
because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate. Without the forest cover,these areas would
reflect more heat into the atmosphere, warming the rest of the world. Losing the rainforests may also influence
wind and rainfall patterns,potentially causing certain natural disasters all over the world.
     In the past hundred years, humans have begun destroying rainforests in search of three major resources (资
源): land for crops, wood for paper and other products,land for raising farm animals. This action affects the
environment as a whole. For example, a lot of carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) in the air comes from burning the
rainforests. People obviously have a need for the resources we gain from cutting trees but we will suffer much
more than we will benefit.
     There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, when people cut down trees,generally they can only use the
land for a year or two. Secondly, cutting large sections of rainforests may provide a good supply of wood right
now, but in the long run it actually reduces the world's wood supply.
     Rainforests are often called the world's drug store. More than 25％ of the medicines we use today come
from plants in rainforests. However, fewer than l％of rainforest plants have been examined for their medical
value. It is extremely likely that our best chance to cure diseases lies somewhere in the world's shrinking
rainforests.

1. Rainforests can help to adjust the climate because they _____.

A. reflect more heat into the atmosphere
B. bring about high rainfall throughout the world
C. rarely cause the temperature to drop lower than l6℃
D. reduce the effect of heat from the sun on the earth

2. What does the word"this" underlined in the third paragraph refer to?

A. We will lose much more than we can gain.
B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests.
C. People have a strong desire for resources.
D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests.

3. It can be inferred from the text that _____.

A. we can get enough resources without rainforests
B. there is great medicine potential in rainforests
C. we will grow fewer kinds of crops in the gained land
D. the level of annual rainfall affects wind patterns

4. What might be the best title for the text?

A. How to Save Rainforests
B. How to Protect Nature
C. Rainforests and the Environment
D. Rainforests and Medical Development

     Have you ever imagined what the world will be like in the near future? A recent study shows that the
world in 2100 will be more crowded, more polluted and less stable ecologically than the world we live in
now. Visible ahead is serious stress involving population, resource and environment. Despite greater food
output, people in the world will be poorer in many ways than they are today.
     For hundreds of millions of the extremely poor, the outlook for food and other necessities of life will
be no better, for many it will be worse.
     While the economies of the developing countries are expected to grow at a faster rate than those of
the industrialized nation, the total national product per head in most less developed countries remains low.
The existing gap between the rich and poor nations will further widen.
     World food production is estimated to increase by 90 percent from 2000 to 2100. Most of that increase
goes to the countries that already have relative higher per-head food consumption. Mean-while, per-head
consumption of food in the developing countries will scarcely improve or will actually fall far below the
present inadequate level. What is worse is that prices for food are expected to double.
     As a result, many less developed countries will have increasing difficulties meeting energy needs. For
the one quarter of mankind that depends primarily on wood for fuel, the outlook is not hopeful.
     Regional water shortage will become more severe. In the 1970-2100 period population growth will
require twice as much water as it does today in nearly half the world. Still greater increases would be needed
to improve standards of living. Development of new water supply will become more costly.

1. According to the passage, in 2100 although output of food will be greater, _____.

A. people will have sufficient food supplies
B. the resource will become more than enough
C. in most developing countries people will have less food than they have today
D. the living standards of the world's population will improve greatly

2. According to the author, in 2100 for many poor people, _____.

A. things will get even worse
B. things will be a little better
C. it will be necessary for them to improve their housing
D. it will be impossible to obtain enough necessities of life

3. In the 2000-2100 period, the large proportion of global increase of food production goes _____.

A. to 90 percent as estimated
B. to any country in the world that needs it
C. to developing countries
D. to those countries that already have high per-head consumption

4. The passage is mainly concerned about _____.

A. the future problems in the world
B. water and air pollution
C. water and food shortages
D. food production and consumption

                                                            Organ Transplantations
     There were many horror stories in the 19th century about crazy (疯狂的) doctors who took a part of one
man's body and put it in that of another man's. The writers did not think it was possible, but in today's world
it is possible with some parts of the body-hearts, for example. But how far can this go in the future? Will
people be able to have new arms or legs, or even heads? It may not be crazy. We already have heart transplants
(移植), and artificial (人造的; 假的) arms, legs and hands. We have artificial muscles (肌肉) that use air to
move. We have computers which we put inside people to help make their bodies work. We can make artificial
ears, artificial eyes like small television cameras, and artificial throats, which make voices like the real thing. Mr.
White, a professor in a university in the United States says it will not be long before we have head transplants.
     "We can do this with the technology (技术) we have now. There is only one big problem-when we cut off
the old head, the nerves (神经) which join the rest of the body to the head is also cut and broken. The new head
could hear and see, but body could not move. But in the future, scientists will be able to make the head grow its
own nerves and join itself to the nerves in the body, like a plant grows into the soil."
     When will all this happen? In a few hundred years perhaps, says Professor White, who also says that his
ideas are as crazy as the ideas of the man who said a hundred years ago that it was possible to walk on the
moon.

1. The writers in the 19th century thought _____, so they wrote many horror stories.

A. it was fearful to have transplants
B. it was impossible to have transplants
C. some crazy doctors killed a lot of people
D. some crazy doctors injured a lot of people

2. Nowadays, the dream of transplanting some parts of a man's body _____.

A. has come true
B. is being studied by scientists
C. is being found out
D. hasn't been found out yet

3. With computers' help, _____.

A. scientists have had head transplants successfully
B. scientists can complete heart transplants and many other sophisticated (复杂的) operations.
C. scientists can easily complete head transplants
D. it will not be long before heart transplants can be done

4. It's difficult to have a head transplant nowadays because _____.

A. a new machine haven't been invented
B. nobody has done such an operation before
C. no doctor would do such a terrible operation
D. the way to connect the new head's nerves with the old body's has not been found out yet

     Australian scientists are trying to give kangaroo-style stomachs to cattle and sheep in order to cut the
greenhouse gases they send out, which is thought to be responsible for global warming.
     Thanks to special bacteria in the stomachs, kangaroo flatulence (肠胃气胀) contains no methane (甲
烷) and scientists want to transfer that bacteria to cattle and sheep which produce large quantities of the
harmful gas.
     While the usual image of greenhouse gas pollution is a huge smokestack pushing out carbon dioxide,
farm animals' passing wind contributes to a surprisingly high percentage of total emission (排放物) in
some countries.
     "Fourteen percent of emissions from all sources in Australia is from methane from cattle and sheep,"
said Athol Klieve, a senior research scientist with the Queensland state government.
     "And if you look at another country such as New Zealand, which has got a much higher agricultural
base,they are actually up around 50 percent," he said.
     Researchers say the bacteria also make the digestive process much more efficient and could potentially
save millions of dollars in feed costs for farmers.
     But it will take researchers at least three years to isolate the bacteria before they can even start to
develop a way of transferring it to cattle and sheep.
     Another group of scientists,meanwhile,has suggested Australians should farm fewer cattle and sheep
and just eat more kangaroos. And about twenty percent of health-conscious Australians are believed to eat
the national symbol already.
     "It's low in fat, it's got high protein levels and it's very clean in the sense that basically it's the free-range
(放养的) animal," said Peter Ampt of the University of New South Wales's institute of environmental studies.

1. The passage mainly talks about _____.

A. a better way to prevent air pollution
B. the danger of methane from farm animals
C. possible solutions to protecting environment
D. a recent research on global warming

2. Scientists intend to put the bacteria into cattle and sheep in order to _____.

A. prevent them from sending out harmful gases
B. promote Australian farming
C. protect Australian ecosystem
D. make the most of the special bacteria

3. Another possible solution to the problem is _____.

A. to reduce the number of animals raised on farms
B. to keep more kangaroos rather than sheep and cattle
C. to eat more plants rather than beef and mutton
D. to grow more trees to absorb carbon dioxide

4. From the passage we learn that _____.

A. it is easy to transfer the bacteria to cattle and sheep
B. farm animals are to blame for global warming in some countries
C. cattle and sheep produce more methane than kangaroos
D. one fifth of Australians already eat their national symbol

     It was once thought that air pollution affected only the area immediately around large cities with factories
and/or heavy automobile traffic. Today, we know that although these are the areas with the worst air pollution,
the problem is actually worldwide. On several occasions over the past decade, a heavy cloud of air pollution
has covered the entire eastern half of the United States and led to health warnings even in rural areas away from
any major concentration of manufacturing and automobile traffic. In fact, the very climate of the entire earth
may be affected by air pollution. Some scientists feel that the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the
air resulting from the burning of fossil fuels (coal and oil) is creating a "greenhouse effect"-holding in heat
reflected from the earth and raising the world's average temperature. If this view is correct and the world's
temperature is raised only a few degrees, much of the polar ice cap will melt and cities such as New York,
Boston, Miami, and New Orleans will be under water. 　　
     Another view, less widely held, is that increasing particulate (废气排往空中而形成的微粒、颗粒) matter
in the atmosphere is blocking sunlight and lowering the earth's temperature-a result that would be equally
disastrous. A drop of just a few degrees could create something close to new ice age and would make
agriculture difficult or impossible in many of our top farming areas. At present we do not know for sure that
either of these conditions will happen (though one recent government report prepared by experts in the field
concluded that the greenhouse effect is very likely). Perhaps, if we are very lucky, the two tendencies will
offset each other and the world's temperature will stay about the same as it is now.

1. As pointed out at the beginning of the passage, people used to think that air pollution _____.

A. caused widespread damage in the countryside
B. affected the entire eastern half of the United States
C. had damaging effects on health
D. existed merely in urban and industrial areas

2. As far as the greenhouse effect is concerned, the author _____.

A. shares the same view with the scientists
B. is uncertain of its occurrence
C. rejects it as being ungrounded
D. thinks that it will destroy the world soon

3. The underlined word "offset" in Para. 2 could best be replaced by _____.

A. slip into
B. make up for
C. set up
D. catch up with

4. This passage is mainly concerned with _____.

A. the greenhouse effect
B. the burning of fossil fuels
C. the potential effect of air pollution
D. the likelihood (可能性) of a new ice age

     Anorexia (厌食) and bulimia (食欲过度) are the names that come to mind when we think of eating
disorders (失调). But there is another eating disorder more common than anorexia and bulimia, and some
experts say it's becoming a major health problem in America.
     "As soon as I came home, I'd throw down my backpack, open the refrigerator and start eating.
Sandwiches, cookies, candy bars -I'd just eat until I went to bed," says Matt Wymer, 18.
     Matt was a binge (无节制的) eater. According to a new study from Harvard Medical School, 3.5
percent of women and 2 percent of men suffer from this eating disorder.
      "You know we start at a very young age. You fall and someone says, 'Oh, here, we'll go get some ice
cream, and that'll make it feel better. ' Or when you go to the doctor, you get a candy; something bad
happens, 'Oh, here's something that's comforting,'" says Marilyn Tanner, a doctor.
     Matt looked for comfort because he was always teased (嘲笑) about his weight.
     "There were days when I came and picked him up from school and he got in the car and he started crying
before I asked him anything," says Cathy Wymer, Matt's mother."I probably gave him whatever he wanted
to try to make him happy, but it was the wrong way of doing it." says Matt's father.
      "I just felt better after I ate a lot," says Matt.
      Experts say the first line of treatment for binge eaters is to help them find other ways, besides food,
ot feel better."There are about five basic ways. You write, you talk, you cry, you exercise, you laugh.
Laughing also reduces the stress that lots of times people are feeling," says Genie Burnett, Matt's doctor.
     With the help of his doctor, Matt started a diet and did much sport. He's lost more than 150 pounds,
he's healthier and he says he's more confident.

1. What would be the best title for this passage?

A. Matt's interesting life.
B. Matt's parents' worries.
C. Eating disorders.
D. Binge eating.

2. From the second paragraph know that Matt ______.

A. is very busy at home every day
B. goes to bed very late at night
C. suffers from an eating disorder
D. is not good at his lessons.

3. According to Marilyn Tanner, it is true that ______ .

A. eating disorder begin at an early age
B. ice cream is popular with most children
C. young children fall and hurt their knees easily
D. crying is a good treatment for binge eaters