Early people had very little effect on the environment. They lived in eaves in very small ' clan' groups.
They collected or killed only enough for the clan's survival. Early clans were nomadic, which means that
they did not stay in one place. Instead, they moved around, following the animals that were their main
food source and seeking areas where seasonal plants grew wild. Moving around seasonally helped to
protect the environment. The land had time to recover and animals had time to breed (繁殖) before the clan
returned for the next season.
     As time went by, these small family clans joined with others to form larger groups for protection. Joining
with other clans gave them more hunters and more women to help cut up the meat and share it between
families. Eventually, people tamed (驯养) wild animals such as dogs and horses. People settled around rivers
and fertile plains to share responsibilities and duties. Then, people began to plant crops instead of moving to
areas where the plants grew. This development changed the environment.
     Traditional forms of work also changed. Some people were hatter at performing a particular task than
other clan members, so they began to specialize in things they were good at doing. This also meant that they
began to exchange their goods for things that others produced.
     People began to communicate with distant tribes. Land was cleared for roads. Foreign plants and animals
were transported to places where they had not existed before. Specialization also gave people more free time.
So art, dance and music became important ways of expressing feelings and thoughts. This was how many
great civilizations started.
     Compared to the past, modern civilization has experienced many changes to become the highly developed
society that exists today. Populations have increased rapidly. Forests have been cleared for farms. Inventions
and technology have made work easier.
     However, pollution and other serious problems have also resulted from human progress. As concerned
citizens, it is up to us to learn from past mistakes and to help maintain and improve our environment.

1. Early tribes didn't have much effect on animal population because _____.

A. they kept animals for themselves
B. they ate only vegetables
C. they killed only enough for food
D. they loved animals

2. The main purpose for small clans to join together was _____.

A. to hunt animals
B. to seek safety
C. to share caves
D. to protect environment

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to this passage?

A. Early people moved to new places looking for new sources of food.
B. Modem civilization began when people started to live together in big groups.
C. Modem advancements are always good for the environment.
D. People began to exchange goods because they didn't have enough money.

4. It can be concluded from the passage that _____.

A. human progress has brought civilization to the society
B. civilization has improved traditional forms of work
C. our environment has been affected by human progress
D. early people understood environmental protection

     Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse, according to the doctors.
I feel there arc a number of reasons for this.
     Some people blame the fact that we arc surrounded (包围) by shops selling unhealthy, fatty foods, such as
fried chicken and ice cream, at low prices. This has turned out a whole generation of grown-ups who seldom
cook a meal for themselves. If there were fewer of these restaurants, then probably children would buy less
take-away food.
     There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight. I agree with
this, because good eating habits begin early in life, long before children start to visit fast food shops. If children
are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy food, or are always allowed to choose what they eat,
they will go for sweet and salty foods every time, and this will carry on throughout their lives.
     There is a third reason for this situation. Children these days take very little exercise. They do not walk to
school. When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers and play computer games. Not
only is this an unhealthy pastime (消遣), it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food. What they need is
to go outside and play active games or sports.
     The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be
more active, as well as steering them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.

1. According to the text, what kind of children may eat more unhealthy food?

A. Those who often take exercise.
B. Those who often watch television.
C. Those who often have meals at home.
D. Those who often walk to school.

2. The author thinks that children are becoming overweight because _____.

A. their parents often cook meals for them
B. they are too busy to go out and play
C. they can't choose what to eat
D. there are too many fast food shops around

3. The word "steering" underlined in the last sentence most probably means _____.

A. forcing
B. guiding
C. driving
D. moving

4. The main purpose of the text is to _____.

A. tell a story
B. provide facts
C. give advice
D. compare opinions

     A small town in southwest Britain is banning (禁止) plastic bags in an attempt to help the environment
and cut waste－a step that environmentalists believe is a first for Europe.
      Shopkeepers in Mod bury population 1,500, agreed to stop handing out disposable plastic bags to
customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.
     Last month, San Franciso became the first U.S. city to ban plastic grocery bags. Internationally, laws
to discourage the use of plastic bags have been passed in parts of South Africa and Ireland, where
governments either tax shoppers who use them or fine companies that hand them out. Bangladesh already
bans them, and so do at least 30 remote Alaskan villages.
     Mod bury, about 225 miles southwest of London, has also declared a bag ammesty (宽限期), allowing
local people to hand in plastic bags that have piled up at home. They will be sent for a recveling. The Mod
bury ban was the idea of Rebecca Hosking, who saw the effect of bags on manne life while working in the
Pacific as a wildlife camerawoman. She said response (反应) in the town so far had been "really positive".
      "Mod bury is quite an old-fashioned town and a lot of people have wicker baskets to go out shopping
anyway," Hosking told Sky News Television.
    The World watch Institute, an environmental research agency, states that 100 billion plastic bags are
thrown away each year in the United States alone. More than 500 billion are used yearly around the world.

1. What was Rebecca Hosking?

A. A lawyer.
B. An environmentalist.
C. A sailor.
D. A photographer.

2. The underlined word "disposable" in the passage probably means _____.

A. acceptable
B. valuable
C. throw-away
D. long-lasting

3. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A. most of the people in Mod bury continue to use plastic bags
B. fewer and fewer plastic bags will be used in the world.
C. San Francisco is the first city to ban plastic bags in the world
D. most countries in the world have passed laws to ban plastic bags

4.Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?

A. Environmental Protection
B. Big Cities Banning Plastic Bags
C. Effect of Plastic Fags on Sea Animals
D. British Town Banning Plastic Bags

     Malaria, the world's most widespread parasitic (寄生虫引起的) disease, kills as many as three million
people every year-almost all of whom are under five, very poor, and African. In most years, more than
five hundred million cases of illness result from the disease, although exact numbers are difficult to assess
because many people don't (or can't) seek care. It is not unusual for a family earning less than two hundred
dollars a year to spend a quarter of its income on malaria treatment, and what they often get no longer
works. In countries like Tanzania, Mozambique, and the Gambia, no family, village, hospital, or workplace
can remain unaffected for long.
     Malaria starts suddenly, with violent chills, which are soon followed by an intense fever and, often,
headaches. As the parasites multiply, they take over the entire body. Malaria parasites live by eating the red
blood cells they infect (感染). They can also attach themselves to blood vessels in the brain. If it doesn't kill
you, malaria can happen again and again for years. The disease passed on to humans by female mosquitoes
infected with one of four species of parasite. Together, the mosquito and the parasite are the most deadly
couple in the history of the earth-and one of the most successful. Malaria has five thousand genes, and its
ability to change rapidly to defend itself and resist new drugs has made it nearly impossible to control. Studies
show that mosquitoes are passing on the virus more frequently, and there are more outbreaks in cities with
large populations. Some of the disease's spread is due to global warming.
     For decades, the first-choice treatment for malaria parasites in Africa has been chloroquine, a chemical
which is very cheap and easy to make. Unfortunately, in most parts of the world, malaria parasites have
become resistant to it. Successful alternatives that help prevent resistance are already available, but they have
been in short supply and are very expensive. If these drugs should fail, nobody knows what would come next.

1. According to paragraph 1, many people don't seek care because _____.

A. they are too poor
B. it is unusual to seek care
C. they can remain unaffected for long
D. there are too many people suffering from the disease

2. People suffering from malaria _____.

A. have to kill female mosquitoes
B. have ability to defend parasites
C. have their red blood cells infected
D. have sudden fever, followed by chills

3. Which of the following may be the reason for the wide spread of the disease?

A. Its resistance to global warming.
B. Its ability to pass on the virus frequently.
C. Its outbreaks in cities with large populations.
D. Its ability to defend itself and resist new drugs.

4. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A. no drugs have been found to treat the disease
B. the alternative treatment is not easily available to most people
C. malaria has developed its ability to resist parasites
D. nobody knows what will be the drug to treat the disease

5. Which of the following questions has NOT been discussed in the passage?

A. How can we know one is suffering from malaria?
B. How many people are killed by malaria each year?
C. Why are there so many people suffering from malaria?
D. What has been done to keep people unaffected for long?

     What will people die of 100 years from now? If you think that is a simple question, you have not been
paying attention to the revolution that is taking place in bio-technology (生物技术). With the help of new
medicine, the human body will last a very long time. Death will come mainly from accidents, murder and
war. Today's leading killers, such as heart disease, cancer, and aging itself, will become distant memories.
     In discussion of technological changes, the Internet gets most of the attention these days. But the change
in medicine can be the real technological event of our times. How long can humans live, Human brains wer
e known to decide the final death. Cells (细胞) are the basic units of all living things, and until recently,
scientists were sure that the life of cells could not go much beyond 120 years because the basic materials
of cells, such as those of brain cells, would not last forever. But the upper limits will be broken by new
medicine. Sometime between 2050 and 2100, medicine will have advanced to the point at which every 10
years or so, people will be able to take medicine repair their organs (器官). The medicine, made up of the
basic building materials of life, will build new brain cells, heart cells, and so on-in much the same way our
bodies make new skin cells to take the place of old ones.
     It is exciting to imagine that the advance in technology may be changing the most basic condition of
human existence, but many technical problems still must be cleared up on the way to this wonderful future.

1. According to the passage, human death is now mainly caused by _____.

A. diseases and aging
B. accidents sad war
C. accidents and aging
D. heart disease and war

2. In the author's opinion, today's most important advance in technology lies in _____.

A. medicine
B. the Internet
C. brain cells
D. human organs

3. Humans may live longer in the future because _____.

A. heart disease will be far away from us
B. human brains can decide the final death
C. the basic materials of cells will last forever
D. human organs can be repaired by new medicine

4. We can learn from the passage that _____.

A. human life will not last more than 120 years in the future
B. humans have to take medicine to build new skin cells now
C. much needs to be done before humans can have a longer life
D. we have already solved the technical problems in building new cells

     Many animals recognize their food because they see it. So do humans. When you see an apple or a piece
of chocolate you know that these are things you can eat. You can also use other senses when you choose
your food. You may like it because it smells good or because it tastes good. You may dislike some types of
food because they do not look, smell or taste very nice. Different animals use different senses to find and
choose their food. A few animals depend on only one of their senses, while most animals use more than one
sense.
     Although there are many different types of food, some animals spend their lives eating only one type. The
giant panda (大熊猫) eats only one particular type of bamboo (竹子). Other animals eat only one type of food
even when given the choice. A kind of white butterfly (蝴蝶) will stay on the leaves of a cabbage, even though
there are plenty of other vegetables in the garden. However, most animals have a more varied diet (多样化饮
食). The bear eats fruits and fish. The fox eats small animals, birds and fruits. The diet of these animals will
be different depending on the season.
     Humans have a very varied diet. We often eat food because we like it and not because it is good for us. In
countries such as France and Britain, people eat foods with too much sugar. This makes them overweight,
which is bad for their health. Eating too much red meat and animal products, such as butter, can also be bad
for the health. Choosing the right food, therefore, has become an area of study in modern life.

1. We can infer from the text that humans and animals _____.

A. depend on one sense in choosing food
B. are not satisfied with their food
C. choose food in similar ways
D. eat entirely different food

2. Which of the following eats only one type of food?

A. The white butterfly.
B. The small bird.
C. The bear.
D. The fox.

3. Certain animals change their choice of food when _____.

A. the season changes
B. the food color changes
C. they move to different places
D. they are attracted by different smells

4. We can learn from the last paragraph that _____.

A. food is chosen for a good reason
B. French and British food is good
C. some people have few choices of food
D. some people care little about healthy diet

     It is difficult for doctors to help a person with a damaged brain. Without enough blood, the brain lives
for only three to five minutes. More often the doctors can't fix the damage. Sometimes they are afraid to
try something to help because it is dangerous to work on the brain. The doctors might make the person
worse if he operates on the brain.
     Dr. Robert White, a famous professor and doctor, thinks he knows a way to help. He thinks doctors
should make the brain very cold. If it is very cold, the brain can live without blood for 30 minutes. This
gives the doctor a longer time to do something for the brain.
     Dr. White tried his idea on 13 monkeys. First he taught them to do different jobs, then he operated on
them. He made the monkeys' blood back to the monkeys' brains. When the brain's temperature was 10℃,
Dr. White stopped the blood to the brain. After 30 minutes he turned the blood back on. He warmed the
blood again. After their operations the monkeys were like they had been before. They were healthy and
busy. Each one could still do the jobs the doctor had taught them.

1. The biggest difficulty in operating on the damaged brain is that _____.

A. the time is too short for doctors
B. the patients are often too nervous
C. the damage is extremely hard to fix
D. the blood-cooling machine might break down

2. The brain operation was made possible mainly by _____.

A. taking the blood out of the brain
B. trying the operation on monkeys first
C. having the blood go through a machine
D. lowering the brain's temperature

3. With Dr. White's new idea, the operation on the damaged brain _____.

A. can last as long as 30 minutes
B. can keep the brain's blood warm
C. can keep the patient's brain healthy
D. can help monkeys do different jobs

4. What is the right order of the steps in the operations?
    a. send the cooled back to the brain
    b. stop the blood to the brain
    c. have the blood cooled down
    d. operate on the brain

A. a, b, c, d
B. c, a, b, d
C. c, b, d, a
D. b, c, d, a

     The city of Rome has passed a new to prevent cruelty to animals. All goldfish bowls are no longer
allowed and dog owners must walk their dogs.
     This comes after a national law was passed to give prison sentences to people who desert cats or
dogs.
     "The civilization of a city can be measured by this," said Monica Carina, the councilor (议员) behind
the new law.
     "It's good to do whatever we can for our animals who in exchange for a little love fill our existence
with their attention," she told a Rome newspaper.
     The newspaper reported that round bowls don't give enough oxygen for fish and may make them go
blind.
     "Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing
that fish are interesting animals who deserve(值得) over respect and compassion every bit as much as
dogs and cats and other animals," said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment
of Animals.
     Last year a law was passed in Italy that gives people who desert pets big fines (罚款) and prison
sentences. Since then local governments have added their own animal protection rules.
     The northern city of Turin passed a law in April to give pet owners fines of up to ＄598 if they do not
walk their dogs three times a day.
      The new law in Rome also says that owners mustn't leave their dogs in hot cars or cut their dogs' tails
to make them look lovelies. The law also gives legal recognition to the"cat ladies" who feed homeless cats.
The cats live all over the city from ancient ruins to modern office car parks.

1. The new law passed in Rome will _____.

A. help improve fishing environment
B. guarantee better conditions for goldfish
C. stop people from catching goldfish
D. discourage keeping goldfish at home

2. People in Rome believe that the civilization of a city can be judged by its ______. 　　

A. exchanges with other cities
B. protection for ancient ruins
C. awareness of animal protection
D. recognition of animal lovers

2. The underlined word "compassion" in Paragraph 6 is the closest in meaning to ______.

A. pity
B. praise
C. support
D. popularity

3. People may break the law in Turin if they ______.

A. keep their dogs or cats in cars
B. feed homeless animals in car parks
C. raise their cats near ancient ruins
D. shut their dogs home all day long

     Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called
food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly, The symptoms of food
poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food. Fever is one of the most common symptoms.
     Certain microorganisms (微生物) cause most types of food poisoning. Bacteria and other microorganisms
can poison eggs, meat, vegetables, and many other foods. After entering the body, these tiny living things
release (释放) poisons that make people sick.
     Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning. They are often added to food while it is being grown,
processed, or prepaid. For example, many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects. Some
people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.
     Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people. These include certain kinds of
seafood, grains, nuts, seeds, beans, and mushrooms.
     When people handle food properly, the risk of food poisoning is very small Microorganisms multiply rapidly
in dirty places and in warm temperatures. This means that people should never touch food with ditty hands or
put food on unwashed surfaces. Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms from gnawing.
Meat needs to be cooked thoroughly to kill any dangerous microorganisms. People should also wash food
covered with chemicals before eating it. Finally, people should not eat raid mushrooms or other foods that grow
in the wild. Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans. In addition, some
types of fish can be poisonous.
     Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat
natural poisons, they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.
B. Food poisoning means death.
C. Food poisoning comes in varieties.
D. Food poisoning can be serious.

2. We know from the passage that the symptoms of food poisoning _____.

A. are always accompanied by a fever
B. are too common to be noted
C. can be noticed within hours
D. can be ignored

3. Food poisoning can be caused by all the following EXCEPT _____.

A. some chemicals
B. low temperatures
C. some tiny living things
D. certain natural materials

4. From Paragraph 5, we can learn that _____.

A. mushrooms should not be eaten
B. vegetables are safer than meat and seafood
C. natural poisons are more dangerous than chemicals
D. different types of food should be handled differently

5. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.

A. natural materials are safe in food processing
B. chemicals are needed in food processing
C. food poisoning can be kept under control
D. food poisoning is out of control