People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy
to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is
competitive.
     Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain
why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but
two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches
are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each
theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture".
     Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do
with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory
maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed
by our instincts.
     Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our
environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A
behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their
surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like
machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
     Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to
our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long
time is certain. 
1. Which of the following statements would the supporters of the "nature" theory agree with?
A. A person's instincts have little effect on his actions.
B. Environment is important in determining a person's behavior and personality.
C. Biological reasons have a strong influence on how we act.
D. The behaviorists' view correctly explains how we act. 
2. Concerning the nature/nurture controversy, the writer of this article.   
A. supports the nature theory
B. supports the nurture theory
C. believes both are completely wrong
D. thinks that the correct explanation of human behavior will take ideas from both theories.
3. In the United States, Black people often score below White people on intelligence tests. With this in
mind, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Nature proponents would say that Whites are genetically superior to Blacks.
B. Supporters of the nature theory would say that Whites score well because they have a superior
environment.
C. Behaviorists would say that Blacks often lack the educational and environmental advantages that
Whites enjoy.
D. Nurture proponents would disagree that Blacks are biologically inferior to Whites.
阅读理解

     Football is, I suppose, the most popular game in England: one has only to go to one of the important
matches to see this. Rich and poor, young and old, one can see them all there, shouting and cheering for
one side or the other.?
     One of the most surprising things about football in England to a stranger is the great knowledge of the
game which even the smallest boy seems to have. He can tell you the names of the players in most of the
 important teams. He has photographs of them and knows the results of a large number of matches. He will tell you, with a great air of authority, who he expects will win such and such a match, and his opinion is
usually as valuable as that of men three or four times his age.?
     Most schools in England take football seriously--much more seriously than nearly all European schools, where lessons are all-important, and games are left for private arrangements. In England, it is believed that education is not only a matter of filling a boy's mind with facts in a classroom education also means
character training. One of the best ways of training character is by means of games, especially team games, where the boy has to learn to work with others for his team, instead of working selfishly for himself alone. The school therefore arranges games and matches for its pupils. Football is a good team game, it is good
exercise for the body, it needs skill and a quick brain, it is popular and it is cheap. As a result, it is the
school's favorite game in the winter.?

1. In England football is a game enjoyed______.?
A. only by young people
B. only by rich people?
C. only by boys
D. by people of all ages and classes
2. A stranger in England will be surprised to find that in that country_____.?
A. people have little knowledge of football?
B. even small boys know a lot about football?
C. girls are more interested in football than boys?
D. children are not interested in football at all
3. There is a great difference between schools in England and those in Europe in that_____.?
A. European schools take football seriously?
B. schools in England care little about lessons?
C. European schools often arrange football matches for their pupils?
D. schools in England believe character training to be part of education
4. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of the football game??
A.It is not expensive.
B. It encourages cooperation.?
C. It makes people selfish.
D. It is good for health.
     In Google's vision of the future, people will be able to translate documents instantly into the world's
main languages with machine logic, not expert linguists, leading the way.
     Google's approach, called statistical(统计的) machine translation, differs from past efforts in which it
does without language experts who program grammatical rules and dictionaries into computers. Instead,
they feed documents humans have already translated into two languages and then rely on computers to
decide patterns for future translations.
     Though the quality is not perfect, it is an improvement on previous efforts at machine translation, said
Franz Och, 35, a German who heads Google's translation effort at its Mountain View headquarters south
of San Francisco. "Some people who have been in machine translations for a long time see our
Arabic-English output, and then they say, that's amazing; that's a breakthrough(突破)." Said Och. "And
then other people who have never seen what machine translation was read through the sentence and they
say, the first mistake here in Line Five－it doesn't seem to work because there is a mistake there."
     But for some tasks, a mostly correct translation may be good enough. Speaking over lunch this week
in a Google cafeteria famed for offering free, healthy food, Och showed a translation of an Arabic Web
news site into easily digestible English.
     Two Google workers speaking Russian at a nearby table said, however, that a translation of a news
site from English into their native tongue was understandable but a bit awkward. Och, who speaks
German, English and some Italian, feeds hundreds of millions of words from parallel texts such as Arabic
and English into the computer, using United Nations and European Union documents as key sources.
     Languages without considerable translated texts, such as some African languages, face greater
obstacles. "The more data we feed into the system, the better it gets." said Och, who moved to the
United States from Germany in 2002.
     The program applies statistical analysis, an approach he hopes will avoid diplomatic embarrassing
mistakes in diplomatic situations, such as when Russian leader Putin's translator annoyed then German
Chancellor(总理) Gerhard Schroeder by calling him the German "Fuhrer ("leader" in English)," which is
forbidden in that context because of its association with Adolf Hitler.
    "I would hope that the language model would say, well, Schroeder is…very rare but Bundeskanzler
Gerhard Schroeder is probably 100 times more frequent than Fuhrer
and then it would make the right decision." Och said.
1. In what way is "Google's machine translation" different from previous ones?
A. Linguists guide the computer translation on Google.
B. International official papers are programmed as its major sources.
C. Rules and dictionaries are fed into computers to support it.
D. Google daily updates the program of this computer translation.
2. We can learn from the passage that users ___________.
A. think highly of Google's new approach
B. criticize it for its broken translation
C. hope Google can perfect it before launching
D. hold different opinions towards Google's new approach
3. Why are there more troubles in translations relating to African languages?
A. Most of the translated materials are not properly translated.
B. The computer programmers know little of African languages.
C. It's hard to find enough African translation documents.
D. The UN and EU failed to provide translated African documents.
4. Statistical analysis in this passage is conducted by ________.
A. hiring people who speak different languages
B. counting how frequently a word is used in the language
C. using the computer with its own grammatical rules
D. reminding users of the likely embarrassing mistakes
Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-AC for each paragraph.
There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. Preparations for surfing
B. Potential dangers  
C. Current surfers' attitude towards surfing  
D. Finding the right wave
AB. Where surfers come from
AC. The most dangerous sport
     Surfing is one of the fastest developing sports in the world today. It used to be practiced by the ancient
Polynesians, but since the 1960s anyone and everyone can go surfing.
     1.                  
     Surfing is more of a way of life for some people than simply a sport, and many spend their time travelling around the planet in search of the perfect wave. Typically, the average surfer is a relaxed type of person:
they say it's something about the art of catching waves and being out in the elements that makes you feel
very relaxed. Surfers greet each other by saying "Howzit?" (a bit like "How's it going?") and sometimes call
each other "bru" or "brah" from the Hawaiian word for brother, "braddah". British surfers travel in WV
camper vans and look a bit like hippiest.
     2.                
     Anywhere that has a coastline with big waves is home to surfers. Half of Australia's coastline is surfable
so there are lots of Australian surfers. Hawaii is where the sport was invented and the current champion is
Hawaiian Sunny Garcia. A lot of surfers also come from California and New Zealand. There are even
surfers in the UK who hang out on the southwest coast where the Atlantic waves hit the shore.
     3.                
     Get a board. Most surfers start on short boards. Long boards and guns are only for experienced surfers catching huge waves. You also have to be a very strong swimmer: being able to swim at least 100 meters,
and 25 meters underwater is required. 
     4.                
     Beach breaks are waves which fall onto sand. They can be big, but are best if you are a beginner.
Waves vary in size during different seasons and even at different times of the day, so watch out! Surfing
can be dangerous and you need advice from someone experienced. More experienced surfers catch
waves at point and reef breaks. They are away from the coast, and the swell comes deep from the ocean.
Point breaks are waves bent because of the shape of the land beneath the ocean, and reef breaks are
shaped by coral and rocks.
     5.               
     Surfing is a dangerous sport if you aren't a strong swimmer or if you try to do too much. The main thing most surfers have to worry about is their own board or other surfers' boards. Great white sharks, stingrays
and deadly jellyfish are also not friendly to surfers, but actually running into one of these is quite rare.
完形填空
     Believe it or not, there are good reasons for wearing a school uniform(校服). It makes you   1__  
proud of your school. It builds a common spirit of unity (整体) among students and    2   them of the values
and history of their school. But for most students, school uniforms are not something to be proud of    3   .
     "Why    4    the school uniform just one day a week? Always wearing the same clothes makes me feel
boring," a senior student from a high school complained (抱怨). "I don't like the big English letters of the
name of our school on the back," said a junior student "They could be   __5   ." The main student complaints about school uniforms are: simple colors, boring designs and bad     6   . And a teacher at a middle school in Guangzhou said that    7    a teacher and a mother, she eagerly    8   the quality of school uniforms will be
improved soon.
     What has caused all these problems? Chen Hong, a uniform designer in Shenzhen, pointed out that
problems    9   because the whole society doesn't see the   10   of the school uniform."Most designers are
    11   to keep the same old fashion,   12 _ there are no professionals (专业人员)   13   work for
students," Chen said.
     His company   14 most of the awards in the first national competition for school uniforms last month in
Nanning, Guangxi.
     "Besides, high quality calls for a high price," said Chen. "But in some schools, the annual (一年一度)
expense for each student's uniform is only 50 to 60 yuan. How can we produce high quality clothes with
so   15  money?"
     Even with these problems, efforts have been made   16  the situation, according to Zhai Shiliang, 
  17   of the School Uniform Administration and Service Center in Beijing. A school clothes competition
was held in April in Beijing. Thirty-seven uniforms,    18   in schools next spring, were selected from 570. "We will offer the samples (样品) for schools to choose," Zhai said.
     "The perfect uniform should remind the students of the school's honor and cause them to be proud of
it   19   they are," Chen said. Zhai added, "During the 2008 Olympic Games, the whole world will see the
new appearance of our   20  century young generation with new school uniforms."
(     )1. A. feel            
(     )2. A. remember        
(     )3. A. in all          
(     )4. A. to wear        
(     )5. A. larger          
(     )6. A. amount          
(     )7. A. like            
(     )8. A. needs          
(     )9. A. come up        
(     )10. A. important      
(     )11. A. possibly      
(     )12. A. though        
(     )13. A. which          
(     )14. A. has won        
(     )15. A. little        
(     )16. A. develop        
(     )17. A. the head      
(     )18. A. to be seen    
(     )19. A. when and where
(     )20. A. 20th           		B. take                
B. remains              
B. at all              
B. not to wear          
B. large                
B. quantity            
B. as                  
B. wishes              
B. come through        
B. importance          
B. like                
B. if                  
B. what                
B. won                  
B. few                  
B. improve              
B. a head              
B. being seen          
B. whenever and wherever
B. 19th                 		C. to take      
C. reminds      
C. for all      
C. not  wear    
C. small        
C. quality      
C. for          
C. wants        
C. come in      
C. design      
C. unlikely    
C. because      
C. that        
C. wins        
C. much        
C. change      
C. Head        
C. to see      
C. what and who
C. 21st         		D. to feel                
D. recalls                
D. after all              
D. wear                  
D. smaller                
D. unit                  
D. with                  
D. hopes                  
D. come on                
D. possibility            
D. likely                
D. because of            
D. ×                    
D. had won                
D. many                  
D. to change              
D. head                  
D. will be seen          
D. whatever and whoever  
D. 22nd                  
     I always knew that I wanted to be a doctor - at least from the age of eight or ten years old, anyway.
     Although my father wasn't a doctor, he made his own way of "house calls". I followed him as he
brought some food to an elderly man named Frank on all major holidays and when Frank was sick. As
far as I know, their only connection was that Frank was an occasional customer at Dad's small gas
station. Frank's home was a two-room house on the rough side of town with an old front porch (门廊)
where you could fall if you weren't careful. Frank had no relatives and as far as I could tell, no other
visitors either. Through his attitude and by caring, my father was teaching me to be a doctor, although
neither of us knew it at the time.
    When I was 13, my father developed lung cancer. He brought home a diagram the doctor had drawn
showing where his cancer was and told me that he was going to die. He asked me to take care of my
mother when he was gone. I was an only child. He said he loved me on the night when he died.
    When you're 13 and your father dies, you have some choices to make. You can use the situation as an
excuse for letting your actions and grades go down, or you can honor his memory and try to do something positive with yourself. I focused my energy on my schoolwork and my goal of becoming a doctor. 
1. What's the father's "own way of 'house calls'"?
A. His treatment for Frank's serious illness.
B. His care for Frank.
C. His attitude towards the author.
D. His wish that his kid would be a doctor.
2. The author began to want to be a doctor when ____.
A. Father helped Frank regularly
B. Father developed lung cancer
C. Father asked him / her to take care of Mother
D. Father died
3. What was the influence of Father's death on the author?
A. The author began to think seriously about his / her career.
B. The author was too sorrowful to carry through his / her study.
C. The author used the situation as an excuse for quitting school.
D. The author made great effort at his / her goal of becoming a doctor.
4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Father taught the author how to be a doctor by making house calls on Frank.
B. In return for Father's help, Frank usually gassed up(加油) at his gas station. 
C. The author had no sisters or brothers.
D. The author was deeply influenced by Father's doctor who treated his cancer.
     You might have such problems with a friend as follows:
     New friends replace an old friendship. You used to walk home from school with your friend, and
share everything. Now your friend is with someone else all the time and is always "too busy" for you.
One of your friends reveals a secret. You can not believe your ears. The deep, dark secret you shared
with your best friend was repeated back to you by someone you hardly know. Your friend told! Why
has your friend turned against you?
     These things hurt you. They make you feel angry and sad. In each situation your friendship would feel
threatened. When you are upset with someone, it is a good idea to go off by yourself and sort out your
feelings. Go for a walk, talk to yourself, and look at what you feel. Allow your anger to explode where
no one is around to hear you. Then calm down. Think through what you want to say to your friend.
     It helps to stand back and take a fresh look at your friendship. Just because you have been very close
to someone but it does not mean you are linked together or that you own one another. There should be
room in your friendship for other friends, higher achievements, slips of the tongue, sometimes a conflict is
a sign that you need to change the kind of friendship you have.
     It also helps to put yourself in your friend's shoes. What would you do if you found that you had more
fun with a new friend? What if you told your friend's secret to someone when you did not mean to? It is
painful to be the other, too.
1. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How to make friends with others.
B. How to solve some problems you may have with your friends.
C. How to get along with your friends.
D. How to avoid being hurt by your friends.
2. The underlined word "reveals" in paragraph 3 probably means "______".
A. treasures
B. records
C. forgets
D. lets out
3. When you find your friends turn against you, you'd better ______.
A. find a suitable place to explode your anger and then think carefully
B. quarrel with them at once
C. write a letter saying you don't want to be their friend again
D. find new friends, too
4. The author seems to believe that ______.
A. new friends can't replace old friends
B. a secret between two friends should be told to a third person
C. thinking more in your friend's position can solve some problems
D. ignore those friends who turn against you
     What do you want to be in the future? One way to answer this question is to make a career plan. A
career plan shows the steps you need to take to reach your career goal.
Steps to making a career plan:
     1. Thinking about your skills and interests can help you find a satisfying career. Determine your
interests, think about what you'd like to do. Think about experiences you have enjoyed. Make a list of
activities you have enjoyed during the past few years. Then make a list of skills you have. Even if you
haven't been employed before, you should have some skills which will help you find a job. For example,
if you volunteered at a hospital and enjoyed the experience, you may want to consider a medical career.
     2. Find out the types of careers that are suitable to you. If you don't research careers, you may not
know about the best jobs to fit your interests and skills.  It's also important to decide if the career you are
considering is really what you expect and whether it offers the salary and benefits you want. One good
way to learn about a career is to talk to someone who is in the career now.
     3. Once you have determined what career path you want to follow, think about what you need to do
to prepare for that career. Do you need special training? What kind of experience will you need to be
successful in the career?
1. What would be the best title for the passage?  
A. What job would you like to do?      
B. How to make a career plan?  
C. Which job is a good one?          
D. Prepare for your future.  
2. According to the passage, to find a satisfying job in the future, you need to _____.
A. talk with the employers    
B. think about your interests and skills
C. write many applications    
D. volunteer to work at a hospital 
3. According to the passage, which job is suitable to you? 
A. A job that fits your interests and skills.  
B. A job that your parents are doing.
C. A job that needs special training.
D. A job that your parents expect you to get. 
4. Where is the passage probably taken from?
A. An ad in a newspaper.      
B. A travel guidebook.  
C. A science book.            
D. A Web site about careers.
语法填空强化练习
     In the past a gentleman would offer his seat __(1)__ a lady on a crowded bus.  But now, he will
probably look out of the window or hide behind his newspaper, __(2)__ (leave) the lady standing
__(3)__ someone else gets off.  You can't entirely blame men for this change in manners.  __(4)__(go)
are the days when women could be referred to the weak.  A whole generation has grown up demanding
__(5)__(equal) with men in jobs, in education and in social life.  Hold a door for some women __(6)__
you are likely to get __(7)__ angry lecture on treating women __(8)__ weaklings.  Take a girl out for a
meal and she'll probably insist on paying __(9)__ share of the bill.  All these, according to some
sociologists, will change men's attitude towards women and the conventional active politeness is perhaps
slowly being __(10)__(replace) by true consideration for the needs and feeling of women, so that men
can see women as equal human beings.
阅读理解
     Facebook, the world's biggest social networking site, is celebrating its sixth birthday. The site's founder, Mark Zuckergerg, states that Facebook will continue to work as hard as it has worked in the last six years in order to stay the web's number one communication site.
     The company started in a dorm room in 2004. Today it has 150 million active users, more than the 130 million of its competitor MySpace.
     Facebook is different from other social networking sites because you can communicate with people you really know and trust. Before, most people didn't want to share their real identities online. Facebook has
given people a safe and trusted environment for people to interact online. It has changed the way people
view the world. A friend from any country is only a few clicks away.
     It was back in February 2004 when Zuckerberg started "the Facebook" from a Harvard student's
room. The aim was to help students get in touch with each other over the Internet. Within 24 hours over a
thousand students had signed up and soon after that the network spread out to other universities.
     By 2005 a research study showed that about 85% of the students in the network had a Facebook
account. Another survey showed that Facebook was almost as important as an iPod. At the end of 2005
Facebook came to the UK. And up to today the site has been translated into 35 languages.
     Six years after its start, Facebook has escaped the universities and colleges. More than half of its users are not at college any more and the fastest growing group are the 30 to 40-year-olds. Every day 15 million users update their profiles to tell their friends and the world what's happening to them. They also share
photos, upload videos, chat, make friends, join groups and simply have fun.
1. Facebook is different from other social networking sites mainly because _______.
A. it is set up by Zuckerberg in a dorm room                                        
B. it has changed the way people view the world                                    
C. it makes people communicate with each other online                              
D. it provides a safe and trusted environment to communicate online                
2. Which of the following is NOT true about Facebook?                              
A. It's the world's biggest social networking site.                              
B. The site of Facebook has been translated into 35 languages.                      
C. The number of its active users is 20 million more than My Space today.          
D. Facebook is considered more important than iPod to the students of the UK.      
3.On the Facebook the users can update their profiles besides ______.            
a. uploading videosb. enjoying picturesc. joining groups              
d. shopping on linee. chatting with friendsf. making new friends        
A. abcde                                                                            
B. abcef                                                                            
C. acdef                                                                            
D. abcdf                                                                            
4. The passage mainly discusses _______.                                            
A. when Facebook is started                                                 
B. what Facebook is used for                                                        
C. how Facebook is developed                                               
D. why Facebook is so popular                                                      
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