题目内容

Written records indicate that in 1153 B.C., workers in the city of Thebes, Egypt protested receiving the same food every day, as well as their overall working conditions. This was the first recorded disagreement between labor and management. About 800 years later, the first strike happened. Aristos, originally from Greece, led the strike in Rome against his master in protest of meal breaks, which were too short. The tradition of organizing workers to protest unfair conditions has continued to the present. Today, labor unions stand up for the rights of workers using collective bargaining techniques. These unions, which exist all around the world, take two basic forms -- voluntary unions, bureaucratic(官僚政治的) unions.

　　  Voluntary, or free unions, leave the choice of membership up to individuals. Not everyone must join the union, but enough people do join so that the union keeps power in the workplace. The purpose of this type of union is to establish a good living standard for employees and also to protect this standard during times of economic difficulty. Countries where this type of union is popular include most of Western Europe, Britain, Ireland, the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.

　　  Membership in bureaucratic unions is also voluntary, but because these unions are closely connected to political parties in the countries where these unions operate, members of the party include themselves as members of the union. This type of union's main purpose is to set up good relations between the ruling government and members of the union. Political and social reforms おare the main goals of this type of union. Bureaucratic unions are found in Latin America, and some Asian and African countries.

　　  When unions and employers do not see eye to eye on an issue, the union sends some of its workers to meet with the employers and try to reach an agreement. However, collective bargaining does not always sufficiently influence policy makers. When this technique fails to meet the union goals, a strike may be called. Strikes may take several different forms including pickets, sit-down strikes, and also general strikes in which labor for an entire region may stop. Unions have found that strikes are the most effective in times when unemployment is low and economic conditions are good.

1. Where did the first strike occur?

 

2. What are the two basic forms of unions?

 

3. What do voluntary unions work toward?

 

4. What do bureaucratic unions work toward?

 

 

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She is widely seen as proof that good looks can last forever. But, at nearly 500 years of age, time is catching up with the Mona Lisa.
The health of the famous picture, painted by Leonardo da Vinci in 1505, is getting worse by the year, according to the Louvre museum(卢浮宫博物馆)where it is housed.
“The thin, wooden panel on which the Mona Lisa is painted in oil has changed shape since experts checked it two years ago,” the museum said. Visitors have noticed the changes but repairing the world’s most famous painting is not easy. Experts are not sure about the materials the Italian artist used and their current chemical state.
Nearly 6 million people go to see the Mona Lisa every year, many attracted by the mystery of her smile. “It is very interesting that when you’re not looking at her, she seems to be smiling, and then you look at her and she stops,” said Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University. “It’s because direct vision(视觉)is excellent at picking up detail, but less suited to looking at shadows. Da Vinci painted the smile in shadows.”
However, the actual history of the Mona Lisa is just as mysterious as the smile. Da Vinci himself loved it so much that he always carried it with him, until it was eventually sold to France’s King Francis I in 1519.
In 1911, the painting was stolen from the Louvre by a former employee, who took it out of the museum hidden under his coat. He said he planned to return it to Italy. The painting was sent back to France two years later.
During World War II, French hid the painting in small towns to keep it out of the hands of German forces.
Like many old ladies, the Mona Lisa has some interesting stories to tell.
【小题1】The underlined sentence in the first paragraph means the Mona Lisa ________.

A．is losing its value
B．is being damaged after so many years
C．is getting more valuable with years passing
D．will rot away
【小题2】Experts haven’t any repairs on the Mona Lisa because______.
A．it is now in a poor chemical state
B．they don’t know how to replace the wooden panel
C．they don’t have the materials Da Vinci used
D．they are afraid it will be done further damage.
【小题3】The smile of the Mona Lisa can only be seen_______.
A．by indirect vision
B．at a distance
C．by direct vision
D．in shadows
【小题4】From the last paragraph, we can infer that______.
A．many interesting stories have been written about the Mona Lisa
B．people are interested in the stories about the Mona Lisa.
C．some mysteries still remain to be solved about the Mona Lisa.
D．Many more stories will be told about the Mona Lisa.

Where have all the boys gone? You may be able to find them in the gym, at work or hanging out, but there is one important place where boys are under-represented, and the problem seems to be getting worse. These days, at high school graduation ceremonies, there are a lot more girls than boys.
In fact, every year, 10 percent more girls graduate from high school than boys. “I think that there’s a tendency to focus on boys as problems at this point, rather than recognizing that boys have problems,” says Joanne Max, PhD. Experts say the problems start in grade school, where there’s often an emphasis on sports instead of reading, for example. “I think that with boys there’s some idea that it’s not masculine(男子汉的)to read,” says Rob Jenkins, an English professor.
There’s also a shortage of male teachers as role models. “I think boys need role models, so if you’re a boy and you don’t have a dad in your home and then you have one male teacher and he’s your athletic coach, then I don’t think you have a message that education is very important,” says Carol Carter, another expert. In addition, classrooms often have too little activity and too much passive listening, which is not conducive (有益的) to boys’ learning.
Experts say parents can fight back in many ways. Read to your sons early and often; show by your action that you value their education. Ask them about their schoolwork, offer help, drop by their classroom and, finally, appeal to their competitive spirit, challenge them to do better and help them understand that their future depends on it.
60. According to the passage, boys have the problem that they think _____________.
A. reading is more important than sports           B. it is shameful for boys to read
C. boys should not work as a teacher              D. boys lack the gift for reading
61. Carol Carter’s words in the third paragraph implies that ______________.
A. parents play an important role in education
B. athletic coaches contribute a lot to education
C. lack of role model affects boys’ attitudes to school work
D. classrooms lack enough activities that are suitable for boys
62. The passage is written mainly for _____________.
A. parents               B. boys              C. teachers             D. experts


After achieving a 9 percent GDP growth, hosting a successful Olympic Games and carrying out its first space walk, you'd think China would be happy．Yet China is not pleased．That at least is the opinion of a new book written by a group of Chinese authors．
China Is Not Happy was released in March．It is a follow-up to the 1996 work China Can Say No, a bestseller that complained about the influence of the West, and the US in particular, on China．Thirteen years later, the authors of China Is Not Happy list their dissatisfaction with how China is being treated in the world today．They argue that China needs to use its growing power and economic resources to build its own position of outstanding performances．"From looking at the history of human civilization, we are most qualified to lead this world．Westerners should be second," the book says．
The authors, single out the US for special scorn (轻蔑), and say their book's message has been helped by the economic crisis．"This economic problem has shown the Chinese people that America does have problems, and that what we've been saying is right," said Wang Xiaodong, one of the authors in an interview with The Wall Street Journal．Since being released on March 13, the book has become a bestseller in many Chinese bookstores．The publisher has printed 270,000 copies, and says sales are far better than expected．
Yet much of the response to the book has been negative．Several reviews in the Chinese media have criticized the book's radical opinions．The book is a way to "fish money from the pockets of the angry youth and angry elderly," wrote one critic in the China Youth Daily．Meanwhile, a well-known sociologist, Li Yinhe, has said that China needs patriotism (爱国精神), but there is a limit．In her blog she wrote, "If we are to bully other countries, take the world's resources and try to lead it, we're going over the top." Wang Xiaodong admitted in an interview with the US' Time magazine that the book's title is a bit of a trick．"Those words in the title are just for the purpose of promoting the book in the marketplace," he says．"We didn't choose them．It was the people selling the book who chose the title, because it would sell well."
1．What is the best title of the article?
A．Happy China makes wonders       B．China—happy or unhappy?
C．China is not happy               D．China challenges the world
2．Which of the following statements doesn’t agree with the opinions of the new book?
A．China has made great historical breakthroughs in the past several years.
B．China’s civilization has advantages over the westerners’.
C．China needs to use its growing power and economic resources to build its own world
Position
D．China should be the number one leader in the world
3．The book is named China Is Not Happy because___________ .
A．China wants to put pressure on the western countries.
B．it reflects the national feelings of Chinese people.
C．it is a good selling point.
D．the authors of the book want to make a hit in the market.
4．The writer presents the article with the purpose of ___________.
A．introducing a new book             B．promoting a new book
C．raising discussions about a new book     D．honoring the authors of a new book

Once upon a time, there was a man who was so famous that everyone in his country knew him.
One day, the famous man was sitting in a restaurant with his sister. “It must be great to be famous. Everyone tries to please you, and you can do whatever you want to,” said his sister. “It’s quite the opposite sometimes, in fact. Because I’m famous, I can’t do what I want to,” he denied. “But look, we’re sitting at the best table and eating the best food. We couldn’t sit here and eat this if you weren’t famous,” said his sister. “I’ll show you what I mean,” said he.
The next day, the famous man picked up his sister and took her to another country. “I’m not at all famous here,” he said. “Let’s see how we get on.” Soon they found a restaurant, but it was very busy, so they had to queue. “This wouldn’t have happened if you were famous,” said his sister, but the famous man just smiled.
When they finally got a table, it took the waiter years to bring what they ordered. And the food supposed to be hot was cold, and the food supposed to be cold was hot! Eventually, the famous man couldn’t stand any more and asked to see the manager. “This food is awful. We had to wait an hour for a seat, and the service is also very poor. Look, even my spoon is dirty!”
Showing his horribly yellow teeth, the manager, smiling, said, “Well, that’s just bad luck for you.” 
“Don’t you know who I am?” asked the famous man.
“I’ve no idea,” replied the manager.
So the famous man and his sister ran away, without paying.
【小题1】What’s the attitude of the man’s sister toward famous people?

A．Indifferent.B．Envious.C．Curious.D．Annoyed.
【小题2】The famous man took his sister to another country to ________.
A．see how famous he was thereB．enjoy the delicious food there
C．enjoy the beautiful views thereD．see what would happen if no one knew him
【小题3】 In fact, the famous man thought that being famous ________.
A．was a thing worth taking pride inB．could bring him all he needed
C．was not all great with everythingD．would enable him to travel abroad
【小题4】The passage is written mainly ________.
A．to describe famous people’s life
B．to explain the importance of being famous
C．to show how to deal with problems in a restaurant
D．to show that famous people are watched more

Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how they’ll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, I’m more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the world’s attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African woman they so rarely see.
Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The widespread theory seems to be that we’re all hot-tempered single mothers who can’t keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still can’t escape the stereotype (模式化的形象) of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic mothers.
These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.
It won’t be easy. Because few mainstream publications (出版物) have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.
Just as she will have her critics, she will have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House — mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyone — an impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image that’s been around far too long.
【小题1】Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?

A．She serves as a role model for African-American women.
B．She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.
C．She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.
D．She will pay close attention to the interests of African-American women.
【小题2】What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?
A．They are victims of family violence.
B．They are of an inferior social group.
C．They use quite a lot of body language.
D．They live on charity and social welfare.
【小题3】What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A．Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B．How Michelle should behave as public figure.
C．How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D．What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
【小题4】What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?
A．However many fans she has, she should remain modest.
B．She shouldn’t disappoint the African-American community.
C．However hard she tries, she can’t expect to please everybody.
D．She will concern herself with African-American women’s welfare

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