题目内容
was the increase in population. The development of techniques, primarily irrigation and
flood control, which permitted agriculture in special areas such as the flood plain of the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers, made possible the support of large population. Once
populations reach a certain number, the older pattern of social organization breaks down
and new ones develop. Specifically the older system, whereby each individual participated
in food production and maintained a similar standard of living and whereby kinship
(家属关系) served as the basic method of social organization, was replaced by the
occupational division of labor, political and religious hierarchies (等级制度) public works
such as road and public building construction, class systems, codes of law, markets,
new forms of warfare, and urban centres. Allied with these important sociological traits
are material traits, such as monumental architecture and the development of science and,
in many cases, metallurgy (冶金学) and writing systems.
The earliest civilization, Sumer, developed in the Middle East. This was the Bronze
Age of the Old World, during which people first developed the art of metallurgy,
civilization also arose in other parts of the Old World first in Egypt, China, and India,
and later in Europe and Africa. At this time, civilization also developed independently in
the New World, in the Mexican area and in Peru and its neighboring areas.
In the Old World the Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, which saw the rise
and fall of great empires and the shift of power from the Middle East to Greece and
Rome and then to Western Europe. In the 1700s the Industrial Age began, leading
directly to the modem civilization of today.
B. suggests that population increase is most important in the development of civilization
C. tries to explain how civilization developed in human history
D. explore the relation between agriculture and industry
B. resulted from the breakdown of old social organization
C. caused the occupational division of labor
D. was impossible without the development of agriculture
B. The Industrial Age started in the Middle East.
C. The Bronze Age developed into the Iron Age.
D. The use of metal instruments started from the Bronze Age.
in the passage?______
B. Both Western and Eastern Europe.
C. African continent.
D. Asian countries.
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