2．How would we travel without maps?It would be a bit adventurous to set off from Oxford University t——青夏教育精英家教网—

2．How would we travel without maps？It would be a bit adventurous （冒险的） to set off from Oxford University to go to London Bridge if there wasn't a map of the London Underground at each station．In fact，a lot of the early map-makers were adventurers and explorers，especially in the 15th and 16th centuries．
So what did people do before there were maps？Well，it was quite easy to use natural signs like mountains and rivers if you were travelling on foot or riding a horse．People took small boats down rivers and followed coastlines．And it was much more logical （合理的） to use time，not distance，to measure （计量） journeys：the next village is a three-hour ride，for example．
In fact，in the earliest maps，people didn't draw landmarks．They drew the stars．It was very easy to see the night sky and use it for navigation （航行）．The sky was a lot clearer before the light pollution from cities that we have today．When towns and cities were built，people drew road maps which gave correct distances and directions．
The London Underground was opened in 1863and it also used a road map style．But a man called Henry Beck realized that travelling by train wasn't the same as driving your car across London．Passengers only needed to know which stations to change at．His new design （设计） for the Underground map wasn't very popular with the train companies at first．But the passengers loved it and in 1933，700，000copies were printed．
These days，of course，you can ride a bike，drive a car or go through a forest and know where you are exactly，using a GPS．It's really difficult to get lost!
82．What was drawn in the earliest maps？A
A．Stars．B．Landmarks．
C．Cities and towns，D．Mountains and rivers．
83．When did road maps come out？D
A．Around 15th and 16th centuries．B．When people began to travel by train．
C．When people began to travel by sea．D．When cities and towns appeared．
84．Which of the following is true？B
A．A GPS helped people to travel long time ago．
B．Ancient people could travel on a horse without maps．
C．The sky was polluted by light before cities were built．
D．Henry Beck's map wasn't popular with the passengers．
85．What is the main idea of the passage？A
A．Maps have a long history．B．We never get lost these days．
C．We can't travel without maps．D．Henry Beck designed a new map．

1．In America，where labor costs are so high，"do-it-yourself"is a way of life．Many people repair their own cars，build their own garages （车库），even rebuild their own houses．Soon many of them will also be writing their own hooks．
In Hollywood （好莱坞） there is a company that publishes （出版） children's books with the help of computers．Although other book companies also publish that way，this company is not like the others．This is a wonderful book that you and your child can make．In his book your child can write（or have you write） and draw all about his/her family，friends，and favorite things．It allows the reader to be，come the leading character in the stories with the help of computers．Here is how they do it．Let us suppose the child is named Jenny．She lives in New York，and has a dog named Hody．The computer uses this information to make up a story with pictures．The story is then printed up．A child who receives such a book might say，"This hook is about me．"so the company calls itself the"Picture-Me-Books Publishing Company"．
Children like the picture-me-books because they like to see in print their own names and the names of their friends and their pets．But more important，in this way，readers are much more interested in reading the stories．Picture-me-books are helping a child to learn how to read．
81．In America．"do-it-yourself"is a way of life becauselabor costs are so high．
82．The"Picture-Me-Books Publishing Company"allows the reader tobecome the leading character in the stories （with the help of computers）．
83．The"Picture-Me-Books Publishing Company"was named by（the company） itself．
84．Children like the picture-me-books because they're happy to seetheir own names and the names of their friends and their petsare printed in these books．
85．Picture-me-books an useful for helping children tolearn how to read．

20．I and many other people in Britain love charity （慈善） shops because we can find them on every street．The charity shops sell all kinds of things and they are very cheap．
The first charity shop was opened by Oxfam in 1947．Now there are over 7，000charity shops in the UK．My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross Shop．There I always find children's books，all 10to 20pence each．They are really cheap．
Most of the shop workers in charity shops are volunteers （志愿者）， each shop has a manager and he gets some money．Every morning you see bags of things outside the shops．Some people bring and put them there without waiting for thanks．In fact，over 90% of the things in charity shops are from kind people．
All the money the shops get goes to charity work．Charity shops raise more than 110million pounds every year．The money is for sick and poor children，homeless and disabled people，and many others．In a charity shop you can get cheap but nice things．You might even feel special while shopping．
If possible，let's do something for charity together．．
51．What do the charity shops sell？
52．从短文中找出可以替换下面所给句子的一句话．
Oxfam opened the first charity shop in 1947．
53．在短文第三段的空白处填人一个适当的连词，使句意完整通顺．
54．How much do charity shops raise every year？
55．将短文划线部分（第五段）的英语句子译成汉语．

19．Today I went to Sam's school in the UK．It was really different from my school in China．
Girls wore grey skirts and white shirts，boys wore grey trousers，and everyone wore the school tie．
Some of Sam's lessons were a bit strange for me．We were reading Shakespeare in the English lesson，and there were quite some old words like"thou"and"thee"to mean"you"．In history we studied 20^th Century China．It was strange hearing a foreign side of history-and hearing English people trying to say all our Chinese names!
Classes were also a lot more relaxed than in China．Teachers were called"sir"or"miss"，everyone shouted answers and raised their hands in classes．It was more like adebate than a class．A bell rang at the end of each lesson and everyone jumped up to go to the next class．
At break we bought potato chips and cookies in the dining room．Lunch was later than in China-at 1o'clock．We had big plates of pie with carrots．For dessert there was hot sweet rice called rice pudding．
It was good that I'd had an excellent lunch，because at Sam's school Monday afternoons are taken up with sports．
I played my first game of netball-a bit like basketball，but with some differences．Luckily I'd had a quick look in the rule book before I tried to join in the game．
Sam's weekly schedule of classes

	Monday	Tuesday	Wednesday	Thursday	Friday
9：00-9：30	Math	English	Free period	French	History
9：45-10：15	Math	English	French	French	History
10：20-10：50	Biology	Free period	French	Biology	Biology
10：50-11：20	Break	Break	Break	Break	Break
11：20-11：50	History	Physics	Biology	Chemistry	Physics
11：55-12：25	History	Physics	Biology	Math	Music
12：30-13：00	English	Math	History	Math	Music
13：00-14：00	Lunch	Lunch	Lunch	Lunch	Lunch
14：00-14：30	PE	Chemistry	Chemistry	Free period	PE
14：35-15：05	PE	Chemistry	English	English	PE
15：10-15：40	PE	Music	Physics	English	PE

56．Paragraph 2shows thatA．
A．they wear uniforms in Sam's school
B．lessons are different between schools in China and the UK
C．there is a break of 30minutes every day in the school
D．sports take up much time in Sam's school
57．The underlined word debate in Paragraph 4meansC．
A．fightB．examC．discussionD．suggestion
58．What do they have for lunch at Sam's school？A
A．Pie and hot sweet rice．B．Potato chips．
C．Cookies．D．Carrots．
59．How many hours do they have for foreign language study？B
A.4hours．B.2hours．C.3hours．D.6hours．
60．What's the best title for the passage？D
A．Relaxed Classes in the UKB．Clothes，Food and Sports in a UK School
C．Strange Lessons in Sam's SchoolD．A Day in Sam's School．

18．

Different gestures（手势） mean different things in different countries．Sometimes a gesture that is polite in one country is not polite in another an should not be used．Different meanings of gestures can also cause problems in understanding what another person is trying to say．A gesture that many people do not understand is one that uses the thumb．Most westerners will sometimes show that they like something by holding out a closed hand with the thumb lifting in the air．This is called give someone or something"the thumb up"．Often，only one thumb is used，so it should be"the thumb up"．
The usual explanation（解释） for the origin of this gesture is not really correct．It says that in ancient Roman times，when people werwe pleased with the way a gladiator（角斗士） had fought，they showed their thumbs up．When they were not pleased，they gave the thumbs down．When a gladiator was given the thumbs up，the emperor allowed him to live．When a gladiator was given the thumbs down，the emperor ordered hme to be killed．
The truth is，however，it was translated into a wrong meaning by mistake．If people wanted to save the gladiator，they put out their hands and hid their thumbs in their hands．If they wanted the gladiator to die，they pointed their thumbs stright at him．
46．Westerners lift their thumbs when theyC．
A．want someone to die                          B．want to go to a play ground
C．like something                               D．want someone to live
47．Most people think that in ancient Rome，"thumbs up"meant thatB．
A．the emperor could die                     B．the people wanted the gladiator to live
C．the fighting could continue                 D．the people were not pleased
48．In fact，if people wanted a gladiator to live，theyA．
A．hid their thumbs                          B．pointed their thumbs down
C．lifted their thumbs up                      D．pointed their thumbs at him
49．From the article we know thatA．
A．different gestures have different meanings in different countries
B．a friendly gesture is always the same in different countries
C．the meaning of"thumbs up"is the same both now and the past
D．we should often use the thumbs
50．The main idea of this article is aboutD．
A．gestures around the world                B．closed thumbs
C．gestures in ancient Rome                 D．the thumbs-up gesture．

17．An African-bom British scientist received an environment research prize at the Convention on Migratory Species （CMS） meeting for showing how bees can be used to reduce conflict between people and elephants．Lucy King's work proved that beehive'[fences"can keep elephants out of African farmers'fields．The animals are scared of bees，which can bite them inside their long noses，and flee when they hear buzzing．
Dr King's work offers an intelligent solution to an age-old challenge，while providing further confirmation of the importance of bees to people and a really clever way of preserving the world's largest land animal for current and future generations．Working in Kenya，Dr King and her team showed that more than 90% of elephants will flee when they hear the sounds of buzzing bees．Afterwards，they also found that elephants produce a special sound to warn their fellows of the danger．They used the findings to construct barriers where beehives are woven into a fence，keeping the elephants away from places where people live and grow food．
A two-year project involving 34farms showed that elephants trying to go through the fences would shake them，disturbing the bees．Later，the fences were adopted by farming communities in three Kenyan districts--who also made increased amounts of money from selling honey．"Dr Lucy King has designed a constructive solution that considers the needs of animals but also the economic benefits to the local communities linked to species preservation，"said CMS executive secretary Elizabeth Maruma Mrema．
As Africa's population grows，competition for space between people and elephants is
becoming more serious，and there are fatalities on both sides．The same is true in parts of Asia．
Sri Lanka alone sees the deaths of all estimated 60people and 200elephants each year from conflict．
Working with the charity Save the Elephants，Lucy King now wants to see whether the
Kenyan technique will work in other parts of Africa--and perhaps，eventually，in Asia．"With Asia，there are some issues we'd have to look at--it's a totally different elephant species，the bee species are different，it rains a lot more，we have animals like bears that love honey--but I'd be very interested in sharing my research with anyone with experience in Asia to see whether it could work there，"she said．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）
81．Lucy King's research shows that by using bees，can be reduced．conflict between people and elephants
82．How do most elephants in Kenya respond to the sounds of buzzing bees？They flee and warn their fellows of the danger．
83．Dr．King's work is regarded as a constructive solution，for it considersthe needs of animals and the local economic benefits
84．What four issues should be thought about in the application of Lucy King's findings in Asia？Elephant species，bee species，weather and honey-loving animals．．

16．Frederic Mishkin，who's been a professor at Columbia Business School for almost 30years，is good at solving problems and expressing ideas．Whether he's standing in front of a lecture hall or engaged in a casual conversation，his hands are always waving and pointing．When he was in graduate school，one of his professors was so annoyed by this constant gesturing that he made the young economist sit on his hands whenever he visited the professor's office．
It turns out，however，that Mishkin's professor had it exactly wrong．Gesture doesn't prevent but promotes clear thought and speech．Research demonstrates that the movements we make with our hands when we talk form a kind of second language，adding information that's absent from our words．It's learning's secret code：Gesture reveals what we know．It reveals what we don't know．What's more，the agreement （or lack of agreement） between what our voices say and how our hands move offers a clue to our readiness to learn．
Many～f the studies establishing the importance of gesture to learning have been conducted by Susan Goldin-Meadow，a professor of psychology at the University of Chicago．"We change our minds by moving our hands，"writes Goldin-Meadow in a review of this work．Particularly significant are what she calls"mismatches"between oral expression and physical gestures．A student might say that a heavier ball falls faster than a light one，for example，but make a gesture indicating that they fall at the same rate，which is correct．Such differences indicate that we're moving from one level of understanding to another．The thoughts expressed by hand motions are often our newest and most advanced ideas about the problem we're working on； we can't yet absorb these concepts into language，but we can capture them in movement．
Goldin-Meadow's more recent work strews not only that gesture shows our readiness to
learn，but that it actually helps to bring learning about．It does so in two ways．First，it elicits （～） helpful behavior from others around us．Goldin-Meadow has found that adults respond to children's speech-gesture mismatches by adjusting their way of instruction．Parents and teachers apparently receive the signal that children are ready to learn，and they act on it by offering a greater variety of problem-solving techniques．The act of gesturing itself also seems to quicken learning，bringing new knowledge into consciousness and aiding the understanding of new concepts．A 2007study by Susan Wagner Cook，an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Iowa，reported that third-graders who were asked to gesture while learning algebra
were nearly three times more likely to remember what they'd learned than classmates who did not gesture．
72．According to Paragraph 1，Frederic Mishkin was asked to sit on his hands becauseC
A．he could litter express his ideas that way
B．he always pointed his finger at his professor
C．his professor did not like his gesturing
D．his gestures prevented his professor from thinking
73．How is gesturing important in acquiring knowledge？A
A．It draws tasteful responses from others and increases learning speed．
B．It promotes second language learning and quickens thinking．
C．It provides significant clues for solving academic problems．
D．It reduces students'reliance on teachers'instruction．
74．What can be inferred from the passage about gesture-speech mismatches？B
A～They can stimulate our creativity．
B．Instructors should make full use of them．
C．Teachers can hardly explain new concepts without them．
D．They serve as a stepping stone to solving real life problems．
75．What could be the best title of the passage？D
A．Hand Motions，a Second Language B．Gesturing：Signal of Understanding
C．New Uses of Gesturing D．The Secret Code of Learning．

15．The Age of Unreason
Charles Handy
In his book The Age of Unreason Professor Handy describes   the   dramatic changes that are taking place in our lives today and warns that we must adapt to these changes if we  want  to survive in the future．Handy believes that in the future less than 50% of the workforce will   be employed full-time by an organization．These full-time employees will be the qualified     professionals，technicians，and managers who are essential to an organization．Their working lives will be a lot more demanding than today，but in return they will be well-paid and they will retire earlier．The rest of the workforce will Be self-employed or will work part-time，providing organizations    with    the products and services they require on a contract basis．Handy  forecasts  a  big  increase in the number of working mothers in future and believes there will be a large number of unemployed．
Handy gives us plenty of figures to worry about．He estimates that by the year 2040，one person in five will retire，and one in ten will be over seventy-five years old．There will be one retiree to every three people of working age，and even more than that in countries such as Germany and Switzerland，where the proportion will be as much as one  to  two．Retirees will remain healthy and active for longer than they do today and many will live to be a hundred years old，a fact which leads Handy to suggest that the term retirement will no longer be appropriate．He suggests the third age is a more appropriate description，since it will be as important a part of our lives as the first age of learning and the second age of working are for us today．
69．Professor Handy wrote the book most probably toA
A．warn us of potential social problems in the future
B．predict the leading professions in the coming years
C．describe the effect of unemployment on society
D．suggest a better term for future retirement
70．According to Protcssor Handy，the future workforce willC
A．adapt to the changes in retirement easily  B．be mainly self-employed
C．have fewer full-time workers than today  D．work on a contract basis
71．Prom the last paragraph，we learn that about 30 years from now，B
A．the number of retirees will double in many countries
B．ageing will be a common and serious problem
C.10% of the population will live to be 100years old
D．the third age will be the most important part of our lives．

14．Huckleberry Finn，the great character from the Mark Twain book，did not like school．He
preferred floating down the Mississippi River on a raft and looking for adventure．That's why
generations of schoolboys have loved reading Huckleberry Finn：they feel the same way about
school as he did．
For many boys，being forced to sit all day in a school room is like being punished for a crime they did not commit．There are endless hours of boredom spent learning things they have no interest in．That's why many boys do poorly in school and many give up on education altogether．
Ironically（具有讽刺意味的是），the whole idea for schools was invented for boys．If a boy wanted to grow up to be a useful man，he had to be educated．By and by，people realized that educating girls was a good idea，too．And，ironically again，it was discovered that the school
system suits girls just fine；so fine that girls now do much better than boys in school．
No one really knows why that is．Some say that girls mature（发育成熟）quicker than boys and adapt better to school life．Some also say that the school system and the curriculum（课程） have changed to encourage girls but the needs of boys have been overlooked．
Educators are now trying to find ways to get boys to be more successful in school．There are
suggestions to separate the sexes and teach boys separately．There are also suggestions to change
the curriculum to make it more interesting for boys．
Whatever the changes are，boys still will be boys，and dreams of floating down the Mississippi River will always be an attractive choice to just sitting in a classroom．
52．Huckleberry Finn isB．
A．a boy of Mark Twain's  B．a character in a book
C．an American writer   D．a river's name
53．Many boys do poorly in school becauseC．
A．they give up on education
B．they're punished for a crime they did not commit
C．they have no interest in the things they're learning
D．they prefer floating down the Mississippi River on a raft
54．The underlined sentence in Paragraph 4means thatD．
A．more boys are needed
B．boys need to be cared about a lot
C．the needs of boys have been very important
D．People have paid little attention to the needs of boys．
55．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？D
A．Girls now do much better than boys in school．
B．The school system has changed to encourage girls．
C．Girls mature quicker than boys and adapt better to school life．
D．The curriculum has changed to be more interesting for boys.52-55：BCDD．

13．On April 18，the 100-day countdown to the 2012Olympic Games in London began．For this
year's Games'slogan，the London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games has chosen the
phrase"Inspire a Generation"（激励一代人）．It is expected to inspire athletes to do their best，and common people to do better in their daily lives．
The Games are also inspiring lots of tourists to come to London．But if you go there，you'd better try your best to follow British manners and customs．Otherwise，you'll end up in a right mess!Expert William Hanson has given the Associate Press a few tips for tourists on how to act while in the UK．Let's have a look：
Don't talk about money．According to Hanson，British people hate talking about money and it is considered rude to do so．In particular，never ask anyone about their salary．
Afternoon tea．The traditional view of the British sitting down for an afternoon tea is not exact．Few people keep the tradition nowadays．
Give tips-but not in an obvious way．The British favor a quiet"thank you"gift for good service rather than the rigid 16-20%tip Americans always give．In fact，many British waiters will not feel anxious and nervous if you decide not to tip at all．
Greeting with a kiss．The British are not like their passionate  neighbors in France．Many prefer a handshake or a pat on the back to say"hello"．
Conversation tip．If you want to be friendly，end a sentence with the word"mate"•
44．The underlined word"It"in the first paragraph refers toB．
A．London    B．"Inspire a Generation''
C．The 100-day countdown D．The London Organizing Committee
45．British people think it rude toB．
A．have tea in the early morning
B．ask others about their salary
C．give a 10%tip to a waiter
D．shake hands with friends
46．The underlined word"passionate''in the passage means"C"in Chinese．
A．冷酷的    B．羞涩的    C．有激情的    D．聪明的
47．When will the London Olympics be held？B
A．On August 18．    B．At the end of July．
C．At the beginning of August．D．In the middle of July．44-47：BBCB．

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