We like to believe that before we make a decision, most of the time, we take time to consider all the facts carefully. However, Experts believe that only 5% of our decisions are based on a rational (理性的)thought process. So, what influences our decision-making process?

We often leave decision-making to our instincts(本能).Scientists have found out that if we had the choice, we like to avoid pain rather than get something. In fact, we're twice as happy when we try to avoid a bad situation than when we experience a good one. This is why when companies send ads, they use phrases like "How to avoid...", "Don't miss out!", etc.

There are also physical reasons that affect our decision-making. Psychologist (心理学家)John Bargh carried on an experiment where people were asked what they thought of a fictional person, while holding a cold or a hot cup of coffee. Those holding the hot cup believed the person to be warmer and more sociable than those holding the cold cup. So, when temperatures rise, the more likely we are to believe in strangers.

Stress is another thing which affects our decisions. Different situations are more or less stressful for different people. Researchers have found, though, that women are more conservative (保守的)about decisions when stressed, while men are to make riskier choices.

It may come as a surprise but every day from the minute we get up, we have to make countless decisions, like what to wear, what coffee to have and so on. Each choice makes our brain a little bit more tired, and this affects our decision-making. That's why important people, like presidents wearing the same three suits all the time, want to limit the small choices and spend more brain power (力量)on the bigger ones.

1.Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

A. B. C. D.

2.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?

A.Every day we have to make lots of big decisions.

B.People sometimes judge a person by what he wears.

C.What people wear influences their decision making.

D.Making fewer decisions helps to save brain power.

3.What can we learn from the passage?

A.We make most of the decisions after our careful thinking.

B.People are likely to be happier to avoid something bad.

C.As the temperature is low, we are likely to believe others

D.People usually have risky decisions under heavy pressure.

4.The purpose of the passage is to__________.

A.tell us what influences decision-making B.advise people to make rational decisions

C.warn people not to make risky decisions D.show disadvantages of rational decisions

Jack puts on his backpack(背包)and walks out of school to catch his bus home. His backpack is full of books. "Hey, Jack!”Carl says, running up to him. "My dad's doing the park clean up this weekend. Could you help out?"

"Um." Jack knows he doesn't have time to help, but he hates(讨厌)to say no. "I guess I can."

Jack gets onto the bus. He is going to have to stay up late(熬夜)tonight to do his homework so he can help Carl in the morning.

"Jack," Jane says, sitting down next to him. "I have to walk Mrs. Green's dogs this weekend. Do you think you could help me?"

"Um...I guess I can."

"Great! "

Jack's backpack feels even heavier(更重了)as he walks into the house.

“Haul day?" his mother asks.

“Hard weekend. I have to finish my homework, help Carl with the park clean-up, and he help Jane walk Mrs. Green's dogs."

"You agree(同意)to too many things this weekend." his mother says.

"I know, but Carl and Jane are my friends. I can't say 'no' to them. What should I do? "

"I'm happy you want to help your friends, but you need to have time for your things, too."

Jack knows she is right. "Maybe I can tell Carl that I can only help for two hours in the morning. And I can help Jane walk dogs early in the morning, but not at lunchtime or in the evening. " Jack says. "Mom, do you think they'll be unhappy?"

"They're your friends. Tell them you, need time to finish your homework. They'll understand.(理解). "

He calls Carl and Jane and tell them the truth(真相). Then he turns to his mum. "They're fine with it. and they offer(提供)to help with my homework, too."

1.Jack's backpack feels even heavier because ___________

A.his mother doesn't like his friends B.his friends put some books in it

C.he puts too many books in it D.he has too many things to do

2.In his mothers eyes, Jack's problem is that ___________.

A.he has too many friends B.he doesn't know how to say 'no'

C.he cares about(关心)his friends too much D.he doesn't want to do his homework

3.The underlined sentence "They're fine with it" means ___________

A.They get ready for it. B.They don't get unhappy.

C.They can help each other. D.They are good at doing homework.

4.Jack gets to understand ___________.

A.friendship (友谊)isn't just saying "yes" B.only parents can help us

C.making friends is very boring D.making friends is very hard

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