One of the most common forms of public speaking is the ―presentation‖. A presentation is one of the best ways of communicating your message. This article will give you seven of the most important areas to consider when giving any presentation.

◆Preparation Prepare! Prepare! Prepare! Good preparation is very important for any presentation. With good preparation and planning you will be fully confident. This will give you control. With control, you will be ―in charge‖ and your audience (听众) will listen positively to your message.

◆Structure A good presentation has a clear structure, like a good book or film. It usually has a beginning, a middle part and an end.

◆Equipment You may use any of the following pieces of equipment as you want: whiteboard, flipchart, overhead projector, 35 mm slide projector and computer graphics.

Each of these has advantages and disadvantages. The important thing is to know and understand your equipment perfectly, and then you can use it freely and properly.

◆Visual Aids ―A picture is worth 1,000 words.‖ There are many types of visual aids (直观教具) – photographs, maps, tables etc. But you should use them with care. Do not overload your audience with too much information in a short time. A good rule is: use one image to give one message.

◆Signposting When you read a book, you know where you are. You know the title of the book, the end of one chapter, and even the page number. But when you give a presentation, your audience does not know where they are – unless you TELL them! You can use special language called ―signaling‖ or ―signposting‖ to help you. Here are a few examples: Let’s begin by...; Now we’ll move on to...; To start with...later...; To finish up....

◆Audience Relations You need a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. How do you achieve this? Well, enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic (热情的), your audience will be enthusiastic too. Try to make eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking to him or her personally.

◆Body Language Your BODY speaks to your audience even before you open your mouth. From your clothes, walk, glasses, haircut and your expression, your listeners form their first impression as you enter the room.

1. How will you be fully confident in a presentation according to the passage?

A. With necessary equipment.

B. With enough visual aids.

C. With proper body language.

D. With careful preparation.

2.The writer may agree that signposting can help ______.

A. speakers to be more enthusiastic

B. the audience catch up with speakers

C. the audience form the first impression

D. speakers avoid using equipment improperly

3. What does the underlined word ―contagious‖ in Paragraph 8 mean?

A. Highly praised. B. Deeply hidden.

C. Clearly expressed. D. Easily spread.

Different types of maps have different uses. Tourist maps, for example, have signs to show places of interest in an area. When tourists read these maps, it is easy for them to find where to go and what to see in a place and it is easy for them to go and find their ways to these places.

Road maps show large areas so that people can plan long journeys. Different types of roads are given different numbers. For example, if you want to go to Wood Green, you just follow No. 621 Road and keep looking at the road signs.

Distribution maps (分布图) use colors or signs to show facts about an area. For example, where different languages are spoken, how many people live in an area, how cold and hot some places are, or whether a place is short of water.

Some maps, such as railway maps, use straight lines to show everything. This is easy for people to read. Trains are fast. People don't have to think about small places they go past. They just need to know the two ends of their trips.

1.Jim wants to visit some places of interest. Which map does he need most?

A. A road map. B. A tourist map.

C. A distribution map. D. A railway map.

2.How can you tell different roads on Road maps?

A. By finding the numbers.

B. By using different colors.

C. By using straight lines.

D. By looking at the road signs.

3.Which of the following can Distribution maps tell us?

A. How to get to Germany.

B. How to plan a long journey.

C. Which place is short of water.

D. Where a famous museum is.

4.Why do railway maps use straight lines?

A. Because railways are straight.

B. Because people like straight lines.

C. Because people can read them easily.

D. Because railways have only two ends.

5.Which is the best title for the passage?

A. Learn to Design Maps

B. Get to know Different Maps

C. Buy a Railway Map for yourself

D. Draw Maps for Geography Students

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