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The Cost of Thinking

Though humans have many differences,they share several typical characteristics(特征),such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.

The first human characteristic is humans' large brains. Mammals(哺乳动物)weighing sixty kilos have an average(平均)brain size of 200 cm'. Modern man has a brain averaging 1,200~1,400 cm3. The larger,the better?Unluckily,that is not the case.

The bigger our brain is,the more energy is needed. It's not easy to carry around,especially when boxed inside a large skull(颅骨). It's even harder to provide energy. In modern man,the brain is about 2-3% of total body weight but it needs 25%of the body's energy when the body is at rest. But the brains of apes(类人猿)require only 8% of rest-time energy. How did early humans pay for their large brains?Firstly,they spent more time in search of food. Secondly,their muscles(肌肉)grew smaller and weaker.

Another human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up,it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition,their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes,like throwing stones or showing body languages. As a result,humans can perform very different tasks with their hands.

Yet walking upright has its downsides. The bones(骨头)have to support a large skull. That causes backaches and painful necks. A large brain makes many advantages. It seems that these have made humans the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they were weak,small and not important.

Title: The Cost of Thinking

Two typical human

characteristics

Have

large

human

brains

Advantages

Be1.than any other animal on earth.

Downsides

The bigger our brain is, the more energy is needed.

Early humans paid for their large brains in2.:

spend more time in search of food;

their muscles grow smaller and weaker.

3.

Advantages

It's easier to find food or enemies.

Their arms throw stones and show body languages

The result:.4.with their hands.

Downsides

The hones have to support a large skull.

5.: Have backaches and painful necks

More and more Chinese students are putting study tours in foreign countries on their plans this summer.

Including language courses, sightseeing and international communication(交流), study tours meet the needs of Chinese parents and students for a long and fruitful holiday.

A recent report showed most study tour participants (参与者) were teenagers in middle schools. According to the report, 73 percent were middle school students, 11 percent primary school students and only 3 percent college students. And it’s getting more and more popular in middle schools.

According to a blue book about study tours, developing children’s horizons(视野) was the No. 1 reason for parents, while improving language skills, experiencing independence(独立) and different cultures were also popular.

Zhan Fuman, a 14-year-old girl from Guangzhou, is now on a 15-day study tour in Australia with a price tag of 32,800 yuan (about 4,870 U.S. dollars), and she went to the United States for her first study tour last winter. “She has been much more confident (自信) and independent since her first tour in the U. S. and learnt to use knowledge from books and real life communication,” said Zhu Wanxia, Zhan’s mother. “Going on a study tour does not lead to going to a foreign university in the future,” Zhu said, adding that she preferred her child to go to a top Chinese university instead.

1.Which of the following is NOT included in a study tour according to the passage?

A.Language courses and sightseeing.

B.Meeting friends in foreign countries.

C.International communication.

2.Who is more likely to have a study tour according to the report?

A.Jenny, 3 years old. B.Mike, 14 years old. C.John, 22 years old.

3.What is the most important reason for parents to let their children have a study tour?

A.Developing children’s horizons.

B.Improving language skills.

C.Experiencing independence.

4.Zhan Fuman has been much more confident and independent after ________.

A.she went to Australia for a study tour

B.she went to America for a study tour

C.she went to school in Guangzhou

5.Which of the following is NOT true about a study tour?

A.More and more college students want to have a study tour.

B.One may know more about different cultures from a study tour.

C.It may help to learn to use knowledge from books and real life communication

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