3、There is a measurable relation between how much a person learns and that individual’s attitude toward the subject to be learned. When faced with a difficult learning assignment, one path toward success is to seek out and concentrate on the positive aspects of the subject matter. If a student has boring and ineffective teacher in a required course, one solution is to look for the positive aspects of completing the course, regardless of how boring the instructor happens to be. To accomplish this might require a private tutor or some independent reading, but with the right attitude, success is possible.

Over-achievers---those students who do better than their test scores indicate ---- usually have a positive interest toward learning. They may learn some things more slowly, and it may take more effort, but, to compensate, they are often better at applying what they have learned. As long as they do not stress themselves into emotional problems, they are successful.

Under-achievers--- those who function below their ability indicated by test scores ---- often tend to permit a few negative factors to sidetrack them. Because of their negative attitudes, they sometimes become unfairly critical of teachers. They allow themselves to get bored when it is not necessary. In short, their attitudes often cause them to learn less than over-achievers.

If you learn to replace a negative mind---set toward learning with something more positive, you are on the road to achieving virtually any goal you desire. For example, if you realize a personal computer with a word processor would improve your performance, but have an attitude that keeps telling you that you cannot learn to operate a computer you tend to make all kinds of excuses. In short, you resist making full use of a terrific tool, simply because your negative attitude prevents you from learning.

1. The writer thinks that over-achievers and under-achievers mainly differ in ____________.

   A. their test scores                               B. their judgment of the teachers         

C. their attitudes toward learning            D. their skills in using computers

2. What does the author suggest if a student has a boring teacher?

   A. To be critical of the teacher.                                 

B. To read more on one’s own.

   C. To have a right attitude toward the teacher.            

D. To complete the course without the teacher.

3. The phrase function below their ability indicated by test scores ( in Para.3) means the under-achievers ________.

   A. often get low scores in tests                 

B. do worse in actual learning than in the tests.

   C. usually do better in tests than the over-achievers            

D. are always slow in learning and have to make more efforts

4. What is the main idea of the passage?

   A. Attitudes play very important roles in learning.  

B. Teachers are not so important in the learning process.

   C. Students should learn how to use personal computers.

   D. There are many differenced between over- and under- achievers

38、Alfred Korzybski believes that all human beings lead a kind of double life. First, people live in an internal (内在的) world of ideas, feelings, etc. The happenings in this world are patterns of events in the human nervous system . Secondly , people live in a world outside their skins, the external(外在的)world of “reality”. The happenings in this world are patterns of events best known to science.

The first world, the patterns of events inside our skins, Korzybski called the INTEN- SIONAL areA.The second, the patterns of events outside our skins, he called the EXTEN- SIONAL area . Think for a moment about the two worlds in which you live. Look , for example, at the following diagram:

INTENSIONAL PATTERNS           EXTENSIONAL PATTERNS

“cat”                             An object we call “cat”.

The word "cat ".                        A pattern of physical and

The image of this cat.                    chemical events best

Ideas about cats.                        known to science.

Feelings about cats.

Physical tensions aroused

by the cat: the urge to

pick it up, to kick it, etc.

Thinking along these lines , Alfred Korzybski began to see what was wrong with the great number of people: they confused intensional events with extensional “reality”. He believed that too many people mistake the events in their own nervous systems for events in the outside world . When they get lost in a strange city , more often than not they are angry at the map they use. In fact, it’s the maps of words in their heads that are to blame.

1.According to Alfred Korzybski, we human beings live in__________.

    A.the world of ideas

    B.the world of reality

    C.either the world of ideas or that of reality

    D.both the world of ideas and that of reality

2.The INTENSIONAL area in the passage refers to the patterns of events__________.

       A.outside our skins                                  B.best known to science

       C.in the human nervous system          D.in the external world of reality

3.Which of the following belongs to EXTENSIONAL pattern?

       A.A computer on the shelf.               B.A computer is useful.

C.I like the computer.                    D.I want to buy the computer.

4.According to what Alfred Korzybski states in the last paragraph, you get lost because of _  .   

    A.the map you bring with you             B.the maps of words in your head

       C.the reality world before you                  D.the strange city you visit

 

 

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