2、  语法性的倒装

A→各种疑问句的倒装

例:1)Are you against the plan?

2)What do you like best?

●注意:但如果主语是由一个疑问词表示的或修饰的,语序不变。

例:1)Who did it? (疑问词who是主语,语序不变仍为主语who+谓语did)

2)How many students in your school joined the army ?

(分析:主语students由how many修饰,语序不变。)

B→there be句型中的倒装

  在此句型中,主语总是在谓语之后,无论是在陈述句中还是疑问句中。

例:1)There were no school or hospitals there before.

2)Is there any ink in the bottle?

C→直接引语中的倒装

a.   直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时,它的主语(说话人)和谓语(引述动词)常要倒装。

b.   但当主语是代词或谓语动词含有助动词时,一般不倒装。

c.   另外,如果谓语比主语长,或是它后面有宾语时,一般也不倒装。

例:1)“Will you please carry it for you”? said the old man

2)“Please do me a favour”, he said.

3)“He is a liar. You can’t trust him.” said Tom.

   4)“I am hungry”,she had said.

D→省略if的虚拟语气条件句中的倒装

  If引导的虚拟语气,条件句中如含有助动词were, should和had时,可以使用倒装。

句型:were/should/had+主语+……

    =if+主语+were/should/had……

当if省略时,助动词were, should和had要倒装到主语前去;而if不省略时,主语和助动词用正常语序。

例:1)Were you a fish, the cat would eat you.

=If you were a fish, the cat would eat you.

2)Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

=If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.

3)Had you my troubles, you would despair.

=If you had my troubles, you would despair.

E→so,nor,neither用于句首时的倒装

当so,nor,neither用于句首,说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个人或物时,句子要用倒装。

 
含义
用法
倒装句型
so

用于肯定句
So+be(have;助动词或情态动词)+主语
nor/
neither
也不,也没有
用于否定句
Neither/nor+be(have,助动词或情态动词)+主语

例:1) A: I have had my breakfast.

    B: So have I.

2)A: Li Ming can speak three languages.

  B: So can I.

3)A: Will you go home this weekend?

  B: After that we never saw her again.

4)After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear from her.

F→as 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装

形容词
名词(不带冠词)

+as+主语+系动词be,主语+动词

副词/实义动词 +as+主语+动词,主语+动词

分别叙述如下:

句型一:形容词+as+主语+系动词be

例:1)Young as he is,he knows a lot of things.

   =Although/though he is young, he knows a lot of things.

    =He is young but he knows a lot of things.

句型二:名词(不带冠词)+as+主语+系动词be

例:1)King as he is,he is unhappy.

    =Although/though he is a king, he is unhappy.

    =He is a king, but he is unhappy.

2)Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more.

 =Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more.

句型三:副词+as+主语+动词

1)Much as I like it, I won’t buy it.

=Although/though I like it much, I won’t buy it.

=I like it much, but I won’t buy it.

2)Fast as you run, you can’t catch up with him.

句型四:实义动词+as+主语+助动词

1)Try as she does, she will never find it.

=She tries but she will never find it.

2)Search as they could, they could find no sign of the boy.

▲3.修辞性的倒装(常考内容)

  除了语法性倒装之外,有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的,叫做修辞性倒装。

A→否定词放在句首时的倒装

句型:否定词+助动词/be动词+主语

▲常见放在句首的否定词

By no means, in no case, in no way, on no consideration,

under no circumstances, in no circumstances 表示决不

barely 简直没有   hardly 几乎不  scarcely 几乎不 

never  从不     rarely 很少   little  几乎没有;一点也不

seldom 很少     only  只有    not  不,没有

not…until…  直到…才…   nowhere  没有地方,无处

not a bit 一点也不      not only…but also…  不但…而且…

例:1)Barely does he have enough money to live on.

   =He barely has enough money to live on.

2) By no means is translation easy.

=Translation is by no means easy.

3)Little did I think that I would lose the game.

=I didn’t think at all that I would lose the game.

(注:这里not at all=little 译为:一点也不)

在上面表格所列到的否定词中,有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接,说明如下:

a.   hardly…when…  一…就…

例:Hardly did he see me when he ran away.

  =As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

b.   scarcely…when… 一…就…

例:Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him.

c.   no sooner…than… 一…就…

例:No sooner had they reached home than it rained.

  =It rained as soon as they reached home.

d. not only…but also…  不但…而且…

例:1)No only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.

  =I not only made a promise, but (also)I kept it.

  2)Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter.

B→副词(短语)放在句首时的倒装

以here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only , no longer, out, in, up, down, away等副词(短语)为首的句子中,要倒装以表示特别强调的语气。例:

1)Then came the time we had been looking for ward to.

=The time we had been looking forward to came then.

2) Summer begins in June. Then come July and August.

=Summer begins in June, July and August came then.

3) Out rushed the boy.

4) Here are some ideas which will help you to over come the difficulties.

5) 比较: He was very angry. He didn’t say a word.

      He was very angry. Not a word did he say.

6)比较: I shall never be late for school.

      Never again shall I be late for school.

C→only+副词在句首时的倒装

Only+副词/副词短语/状语从句+助动词/be+主语

例:1)Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake.

I realized I made such a big mistake only then.

2) Only in this way can you worked it out.

3) Only when one loses health does one know its value.

4) Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father.

=When he got home he knew what happened to his father.

D→频度副词在句首时的倒装

频度副词always, often, once出现在句首时,句子要倒装。

例:1)Often did we warn them not to do so.

2) Always will we remember the importance of the meeting.

=We will always remember the importance of the meeting.

(一)资本主义萌芽--是指资本主义生产关系的萌芽,它的出现,会促使封建社会逐渐瓦解。

明朝中后期,中国资本主义萌芽在江南一带产生,但受到明清两代封建经济严重压抑和阻碍,中国资本主义萌芽只能缓慢发展。

               条件:农业的发展;手工业的进步和商品经济的空前繁荣

            明朝      

               标志:机户出资,机工出力的现象出现

资本主义萌芽及其发展

            清朝  发展:规模更大;分工更细;行业更多

            特点:不占主导地位;发展缓慢

分析资本主义萌芽缓慢发展的原因

第一,封建的经济基础非常顽固。由于地主制经济的存在,封建地租很重,农民极端贫困,无力从市场上购买手工业品,影响了手工业的扩大再生产。又由于小农业和家庭手工业紧密结合的小农经济阻碍社会分工,对独立手工业和资本主义萌芽起着限制作用。

第二,封建上层建筑的反作用。封建政府为巩固政治统治,必然要采取维护封建经济基础的措施:重农抑商,闭关锁国,设立关卡征收重税,限制手工工业的规模,残酷剥削农民等。

第三,建立在封建土地所有制基础上的旧的经济观念,使地主、商人、高利贷者在其构成的三位一体的剥削体系中,互相转化,很少投资于手工业。(以末致富,以本守之)

根本原因:腐朽的封建制度严重阻碍了生产力发展。

 0  446562  446570  446576  446580  446586  446588  446592  446598  446600  446606  446612  446616  446618  446622  446628  446630  446636  446640  446642  446646  446648  446652  446654  446656  446657  446658  446660  446661  446662  446664  446666  446670  446672  446676  446678  446682  446688  446690  446696  446700  446702  446706  446712  446718  446720  446726  446730  446732  446738  446742  446748  446756  447090 

违法和不良信息举报电话:027-86699610 举报邮箱:58377363@163.com

精英家教网