2．行为动词dare
① dare可以作为行为动词，多用于肯定句中，但也可用在疑问句和否定句中
He will dare any danger.
他敢面对任何危险。
He dared me to jump over the stream.
他激我跳过小溪。
Did anyone dare to admit it
有人敢于承认吗？
I have never dared (to) go back to take a look.
我再也不敢返回去看一眼了。(否定句中to可省略)
②和其他行为动词一样，dare在句子中要随着主语的人称和数发生变化。
He doesn't dare to walk at night.
他不敢走夜路。(作行为动词)
He daren't walk at night.
他不敢走夜路。(作情态动词)
Does he dare to walk at night
他敢走夜路吗？(作行为动词)
Dare he walk at night
他敢走夜路吗？(作情态动词)
He didn't dare to walk at night fifteen years ago.
15年前他不敢走夜路。(作行为动词)
He daren't walk (=dared not walk) at night fifteen years ago.
15年前他不敢走夜路。(作情态动词)
Will you dare to do the same experiment tomorrow
明天你敢做同样的实验吗？(作行为动词)
Dare you do the same experiment tomorrow？
明天你敢做同样的实验吗？ (作情态动词)
必背：
英语口语中dare的几个常用结构：
● I dare say...
我想, 大概, 可能, 或许……
I dare say things will improve.
我想情况会好转的。
● How dare you ...
你怎么敢……？
How dare you ask me such a question
你怎么敢问我这样的问题？
● I dare you ...
我谅你也不敢……
I dare you to tell your parents!
我谅你也不敢告诉你父母！
I．need
1．情态动词dare
①dare作为情态动词时主要用于疑问句和否定句，一般不用于肯定句中。
I dare not daren't walk through the forest at night.
我不敢在黑夜穿过森林。
--- Dare you walk through the forest at night
你敢在黑夜穿过森林吗？
--- Yes, I dare.
是的，我敢。
--- No, I daren't.
不，我不敢。
He dare not drive too fast on the rainy day.
下雨天他不敢开得太快。
He dared not do it last year.
去年他不敢做这事。(dare的过去时为dared)
②可以用于表示怀疑的名词性从句中。
I wonder how he dare say such things.
我真奇怪他怎么竟敢说出这样的话。
We don't know whether he dare climb the mountain.
我们不知道他是否敢爬那座山。
③可以用于条件状语从句中。
If the enemy dare enter the village, we'll fight against them to the end.
如果敌人敢进入村里，我们就和他们战斗到底。
If you dare cheat in your exam, I will give you some punishment.
如果你们敢在考试中作弊，我就惩罚你们。
1．used to表示过去的习惯或过去某时期的状况，但现在已不存在。
He used to drink tea but now he drinks coffee.
他过去总是喝茶但现在他喝咖啡了。(强调现在不喝茶了)
I know where there used to be a river here.
我知道这儿以前哪里有条河。(现在没有河了)
When I was a child I didn't use to like tomatoes.
我小时候不喜欢吃西红柿。
He is not what he used to be.
他已不是原来的他了。
Where did you use to live before you came here
来此之前你住在什么地方？
2．would 和used to的用法区别。
①used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有不同，强调“现已无此习惯了”，而would只表示过去的情况，与现在无关。
When he was young, he would smoke a lot.
他年轻时总是吸许多烟。(不含有和现在比较，现在他也许还在抽，也许不抽了。)
He used to live in the country, but now he lives in the city. 他过去住在乡下，现在住在城里。
②used to可表示过去的习惯动作或状态，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。
Kate used to be very thin.
以前凯特非常瘦。
There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down.
街道拐角处过去有座楼房，现在拆了。(不用would)
③used to可泛指过去的习惯动作或状态，而would表示过去的习惯动作时，往往要带有一个特定的时间状语。
[误]We would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
[正]We used to play hide-and-seek in the fields.
我们过去常在田野里玩捉迷藏。
[正]Whenever we were in the country, we would play hide-and-seek in the fields.
每当我们在乡下，我们都在田野里玩捉迷藏。
H．dare
dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作行为动词，指勇气和胆量上的可能，可译为“敢”。
3．ought to和should一样，表示对现在或以前应做的事却没做的责怪、批评。
You ought to be washing your clothes. Why are you playing Ping-Pong
你应该在洗衣服(可是你没洗)。为什么你在打乒乓球？
You ought to have handed in the exercise last week.
你上周就应当交练习。(可你没交，含责备的意思。)
He ought to have asked me before he took my bike.
他在用我自行车之前应该和我讲一声。
4．ought to 与should的比较。
ought to 和should的含义较近，但不完全相同。ought to表示“应该”， 是从“义务”或“按理推断”的角度来讲的。should则是从说话人的个人看法这一角度来讲的。
You are her mother. You ought to look after her.
你是她的母亲，你应当照管她。(是道义上的责任，不能和should互换。)
We should encourage him for we are his classmates.
我们应该鼓励他，我们是他的同班同学啊！
提示：
表示“义务”时，我们在口语中可以用had better或be supposed to 来代替should和ought to。
If you are not well, you had better ask Alice to go instead.
如果你不舒服，你最好叫艾丽丝代替你去。
I'm supposed to be there at 8 o'clock.
我应该八点到那里。
G．used to
2．表示推测，暗含很大的可能，可译为“应该是，会是”。
Prices ought to come down soon.
价格可能会很快下跌。
Han Mei ought to know his telephone number.
韩梅该知道他的电话号码。
There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow.
今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。
1．表示义务，意为“应该”(因责任、义务而该做)，口气比should稍重。
We ought to defend our country.
我们应当保卫我们的国家。(每一个公民应尽的义务)
You ought to respect your parents.
你应当尊敬你的父母。
Oughtn't we to do everything possible to stop pollution
难道我们不应当尽可能地制止污染吗？
2．should
①表示义务，意为“应该”(某件事宜于做)，用于各种人称。
Children should obey their parents.
儿童应该服从他们的父母。
One shouldn't be selfish.
人千万别自私。
Customers who get bad service should complain, shouldn't they
没有得到满意服务的顾客应该抱怨，不是吗？
②常与what, how, why等词连用，表示意外、惊讶等情绪。
How should I know
我怎么会知道呢
Why should I fear
我为什么会害怕？
What should she do but cry for help
除了呼救外，她还能干什么？
I don't know why you should think I did it.
我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。
③表示对过去、现在或将来情况的某种推测，可译为“可能、照说应该”。
It should be fine tomorrow.
明天可能天是晴天。
He should be taking a bath now.
他可能在洗澡。
It's nearly seven o'clock. Jack should be here at any moment.
已经快七点了，杰克随时都可能到这儿。
The film should be very good as it is starring first-class actors.
这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。
④表示对现在或以前的动作的责怪、批评(应做的事却没做)。
The boys shouldn't be playing football. They should be at school.
这些男孩子不应该在踢足球，他们应该在上课。
You shouldn't have entered the teachers' office without permission.
没有允许你们不应该进老师办公室。
F．ought to
1．shall
①表示征询意见或请求指示，用于一、三人称疑问句。
Shall I carry it for you
我来帮你搬它，好吗？
Shall we sing a song
我们唱一支歌，好吗？
Shall they wait outside
让他们在外面等吗？
Shall the waiter bring meals to your room
要服务员把饭送到你房间去吗？
Shall I open the window
我打开窗子好吗？
Will you open the window
你打开窗子好吗？
Shall he open the window
他打开窗子好吗？
②表示说话人的意愿，有“命令、允诺、警告、决心”等意思，用于第二、三人称陈述句中。
You shall do as I say.
按我说的做。(命令)
He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell you.
我告诉你，总有一天他会后悔的。(警告)
You shall fall behind in your exam if you keep playing.
如果你一直玩，你就会在考试中落后。
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.
什么也阻止不了我们执行这项计划。(决心)
He shall have the book when I finish reading.
我看完这本书就给他看。(允诺)
I shall do my homework after reading this story book.
读完这本故事书后我就做作业。
6．will和would可表示推论或猜测。
The patient took the sleeping pills an hour ago. He will be asleep now.
病人一小时前吃的安眠药，现在应该睡着了。
It would be about ten when he left home.
他大约在十点钟离开的家。
I thought he would have told you about it.
我认为他已告知你此事。
It would be raining when she went home.
她回家时可能正在下雨。
比较：
Would you like ...表示邀请
Do you like ...表示习惯
--Do you like going go the cinema
你喜欢看电影吗？
--Yes,I go to the cinema a lot.
是的，我经常去看电影。
--Would you like to go to the cinema tonight
今天晚上去看电影好吗？
--Yes,I'd love to.
非常乐意。
E．shall和should
5．will表示将来时间时，不可用于条件状语从句，但will表示意愿或决心时，可用于条件状语从句。
If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you.
如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。
If you will give up smoking, your health will improve.
如果你愿意把烟戒掉的话，你的健康状况就会好转。