56.
What should parents
do in raising a teenager according to the text?
A. Not allow him to learn
driving or take drugs.
B. Give him advice only
when necessary.
B. Let him have his own
telephone.
D. Not talk about
personal things with him.
E
Four people in England,
back in 1953, stared at photo 51. it wasn’t much -a picture showing a black X. But
three of these people won the Nobel Prize for figuring out what the photo
really showed-the shape of DNA. The discovery brought fame and fortune to
scientists James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Willkins. The fourth, the
one who actually made the picture, was left out.
Her name was Rosalind
Franklin. “She should have been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden. “ If her
photo hadn’t been there, the others couldn’t have come up with the structure. ”
One reason Franklin
was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel
decision. But now scholar doubt that Franklin
was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her
competitions.
At Cambridge University
in the 1950s, Watson and Crick tried to make models by cutting up shapes of
DNA’s parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at King’s College
in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule(分子).
The rays produced patterns reflecting the shape.
But Wilkins and
Franklin’s relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of
Watson and Crick. Wilkins thought Franklin
was hired to be his assistant. But the college actually employed her to take
over the DNA project.
What she did was produce
X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was
inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. That angered Watson, who
attacked her in return, “Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily
bend. Clearly she had to go or be put in her place. ”
As Franklin’s competitors, Wilkins, Watson and
Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers,
says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony,
Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at
her. Crick wrote in 1974 that “Franklins
was only two steps away from the solution.”
No, Franklin was the solution. “She contributed
more than any other player to solving the structure of DNA. She must be
considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug,
who worked with Franklin
and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming
into the light.
