[高考语法训练] 　代词

　 代词可分为八种:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词。

(1)人称代词

　　 人称代词有主格、宾格两种形式，在句中作主语时用其主格形式，在句中做动词宾语及介词宾语时用其宾语形式。(注：做动名词短语的逻辑主语时口语中使用其宾格形式)

(2)物主代词　　 形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词

词义 类别	我的	你的	他、她、它的	我们的	你们的	他们的
形容词性的	my	Your	his, her, its	our	your	Their
名词性的	mine	yours	his, hers, its	ours	yours	theirs

物主代词的用法：

①　　 形容词性物主代词作定语：I love my work at school.

②　　 名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语：My pen is on the desk, and yours(主语)is on the desk, too. I didn’t borrow her pencil. I borrowed his(宾语). Whose books is this? It’s hers(表语).

③　　 “of+名词性的物主代词”：a friend of mine(我有一个朋友)。(表示部分观念，意即我有不少朋友，他是其中之一。)

④　　 可以和own连用，以表示衬托对比的含义。

例：Mind your own business.

　　 We want to have a house of our own.

(3)反身代词　　　 反身代词的人称和数

反身代词在句中可作宾语、表语和同位语，一般对句中主语是起强调作用。

注：by oneself=alone; without help

　　 I went there by myself.(一个人去那)

I went there myself.(亲自去那)

(4)疑问代词

①　　 who提问时对‘谁’的范围无限制。

例：Who has taken away my glasses?

which提问时对‘谁’的范围有限制，可与of连用。

例：Which of you has take away my glasses.

②　　 What选择的基础是无限制的。

例：What materials would you like for extensive reading? (泛读)

which指在一定范围内进行选择。

　　 例：which one do you prefer for this week’s assignment.

(5)指示代词

指示代词有this, that, these, those, it, such, same等。

①　　 this, that, these, those的用法：

(a)在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。例如：

This is my pen.(主语) Do you want this? (宾语)

That book is mine.(定语) What I want is this.(表语)

(b)this(these)一般用来指时间和空间上接近的人或物；而that(those)常指时间和空间上较远的人或物。例如：

This is a pen and that is a pencil.

These days we are very busy.

(c)this(these)一般指后面要讲的事物；而that(those)常指前面讲过的事物。例如：

What he told me is this; he wanted to go to Beijing.

He didn’t come. That is why he didn’t know.

(d)that(those)常用来指前面提到过的名词。例如：

This book is not so interesting as that I read yesterday.(that代替the book)

②　　 such的用法：

(a)such一般在句中作定语和主语。例如：

Such is my answer.(主语)

I have never seen such beautiful flowers.(定语)

　 (b)such用作定语时，它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后。例如：

　　 He is such an interesting person.

③　　 same的用法：

same可用作定语、主语、表语和宾语。Same前必须加the.

I went there on the same day.(定语)

The same can be said of the other city.(主语)

What I want to say is the same.(表语)

I want to do the same.(宾语)

(6)不定代词

　 不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数与不可数的区别，不定代词的种类较多，用法各异，下面分别进行介绍。

①　　 one, some与any的用法：

one可以泛指任何人，还可以在形容词that, this等词后代替刚才提过的可数名词，其复数形式为ones,可用作主语和宾语。One’s是它的物主代词形式，可用作定语。oneself是它的反身代词形式，可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常用作定语，都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词，单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前，表示“某一”；some用于数词前，表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句、否定句中。例如：

One should wash oneself regularly.

This film is not as good as the one I saw yesterday.

I have some books.

Have you any books?

I don’t have any books.

注意：

(a)　 some可用于表示邀请或请求的问句中，预期的答案是肯定的，或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复。例如：

Could you let me have some coffee?(请求)

Would you like some bananas?(邀请)

(b)　 Some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如：

Some are singing, others are dancing.(主语)

Does any of you know Mr Wang.(主语)

I don’t like any of the books.(宾语)

(c)　 some, any, every, no与one, body, thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外，some的合成代词一般用于肯定句，any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。

②　　 each, every的用法：

(a)each强调个别，可以充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语；every强调整体，相当于汉语的“每个都”，在句中只作定语。例如：

The teacher had a talk with each of them.(定语)

Each of us has two boxes.(主语)

We have two boxes each.(同位语)

Each boy has a book.(定语)

Every one has strong and weak points.(定语)

(b)each所代表的数可以是两个以上，而every所指的数必须是三个及以上。例如：

　 Each of the two has won a prize.

Every student in the class likes English.

③　　 None和no的用法：

(a)no=not any,在句子中作定语，修饰可数或不可数名词；none在句中作主语或宾语。例如：

　 There is no water in the well(井).(定语)

　 None of them know the story.(主语)

I know none of them.(宾语)

(b)none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：

　 None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.

④　　 Many和much的用法：

(a)many和much都表示许多，但是many用来修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如：

Many of the students often go shopping.(主语)

I have much to do.(宾语)

There is not much water in the cup.(定语)

　 (b)much有时用作状语。例如：He likes playing football very much.(状语)

⑤　　 few, little; a few, a little的用法：

few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few与a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few与a few修饰可数名词，little, a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。例如：

He knows a little English.(定语)

Few of them could speak English.(主语)

I know a little about Japanese.(宾语)

⑥　　 other和another的用法：

(a)other泛指“另外的”，作定语，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。但如果前面有the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, none, one, or以及形容词性物主代词时，则可与单数名词连用。例如：

　　　 other boys, all other beauty, no other way, the other one, any other plant, every other day, some other reason等。

　　 (b)others是other的复数形式，泛指“别的人和物”(但不是全部)。例如：

　　　 Some are carrying water, others are watering the trees.

　　 (c)the other指“两者中的另一个”，常与one连用，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示另一方中的“全部其余的”。例如：

　　　 He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

　 　(d)the others是the other的复杂数形式，特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如：

　　　 I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, the others are blue.

(e)another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”， “再一……”，“另一个”，作代词或形容词，例如：

　 I have finished this novel, please give me another.

(f)one…the other指两个人或物构成的一组中的个体；one…another指三个以上的人或物构成的同一组内的两个个体。例如：

　 Here are two books. One is for Mary, the other is for Jack.

　 One person may like so spend his holiday at the seashore. While another may prefer the mountains.

⑦　　 all和both的用法：

这两个词都表示整体，但both指两个人或物，而all指三个以上的人或物，在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如：

　 All of us should work hard.(主语)

　 We are all students.(同位语)

　 We both like to go.(同位语)

　 We like both of the books.(宾语)

　 That’s all for today.(表语)

　 All knowledge comes from practice.(定语)

　 注意

(a)all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数

(b) both和all加否定是部分否定。如果要表示全部否定，分别用neither和none。例如：

　　 Both of us are not teachers.(部分否定)(我们俩不都是老师)

Neither of us is a teacher.(全部否定)(我们俩都不是老师)

All of the books are not English books.(部分否定)(这些书不都是英语书)

None of the books are English books.(全部否定)(所有的书都不是英语书)

⑧　　 neither和either的用法：

neither表示两者不；either表示两者中的任何一个。两个词都表示单数。在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。例如：

　 Neither of the answers is wrong.(主语)

　 Either sentence is right.(定语)

　 I know neither of the teachers.(宾语)

　 You may take either of the books.(宾语)

语法训练题：

1.　 -Is ______ here?

-No, Bob and Tom have asked for leave.

　 A. anybody　　　　　 B. somebody　　　　　 C. everybody　　　　　 D. nobody

4.　　　 One of your friends gave you a gift, and you forgot to thank her.

3.　　　 The party was very noisy last night, which troubled your neighbours.

2.　　　 After a party you didn’t wait for your friends and went home alone.

　 表示歉意的用语

以下列提示为背景，写出你的致歉答语。

1.　　　 One of your friend lend you a TV set and you forgot to return it.

4．　 here’s no doubt that he’ll come on time .

without doubt

in doubt 不一定，不能肯定

e.g. The whole matter is still in doubt .

　 [重点词语辨析]

instead ,instead of的区别

instead是副词只能单独使用，可位于句首，也可位于句末。用于句首，通常对上句含有否定意义。Instead 引出相反情况。用于句末，常用于两个各自独立的句子，他虽然表示代替的含义，但也常译为“而” “反之” “相反”。有时干脆不译。例 ：

She never studies. Instead, she plays tennis all day.

I don’t like that. Give me this instead.

Instead of 是介词短语，可接名词，代词，v-ing形式 。 　instead of 的前后一般表示一正一反，即肯定一面和否定的一面，常译为“代替” “而不” “不是”“反而”等 。例：　 　　

I’ll go instead of you.

When water freezes, it becomes larger in volume instead of smaller.

common ,ordinary的区别

common主要含义是“常见的” ，“普通的” ，“不足为奇的”，有时引申为“平凡”的意思。例：

Smith is a very common name in England.

Common也有“公共的”，“共有的”之意

Parks in a town are common property.

In common 中的　 common是名词，(和。。。。。。)有共同之处。例 ：

They have a lot in common.

　 in common with 和。。。。。。一样(作状语)。例：

In common with many people, he prefers classical music to pop .

　 ordinary 平常，平淡无奇。例：

His speech is just ordinary.

She was of ordinary height.

3．doubt　 n.

2. ( in simple statements )在简单的陈述句中 that ,if　 与whether都可以使用

e.g. I doubt that /if /whether he’s coming .

　 [重点词语讲解]

doubt用法

1. 在否定陈述句中doubt 接that而不接 if 或 whether

e.g. I don’t doubt that he’s telling the truth .

20.　 The girl ______, that is, she ______ a ______ shot.

A. was shot dead…died of…deathly　 　　　　B. shot at death…died for…dead

C. was shot to death…died from…deadly　　　 D. was shot deadly…dead of…dying