15. She ____ to bed when the earthquake suddenly started. That was why she was just in her bed clothes. A. was to go B. went C. had gone D. would go
答案与解析
1 C。由句意判断,本题应用被动语态,同时这个动作还没有发生,故用将来时态。 2 A。分析语境可知,这是会后说话者见到一位未与会者时所说的话,在会议上做出的决定发生在过去,因此用一般过去时。 3A。由语境可知,我很想到机场去接你,不过当你来时,我将已经离开了上海,所以无法去接你。这里用将来完成时表示将来某一时刻已经做完某事或某一动作已经发生。 4 B。答语的前部分是虚拟语气,后半句是真实语气,指过去的那个时候我很忙。 5 C。本题综合考查句意和语态。此题可补全为:especially when he or she is bleeding heavily or when he or she has been poisoned. poison 为及物动词,要用被动语态。 6. C。本题主要考查动词的时态及语态的应用。第一空强调目前正在进行的一种行为,由于主语是动作的承受者,应用现在进行时的被动语态;第二空强调一般经常性的行为,应用一般现在时。 7 A。根据… is on the back…可知,丢手机是我原来认为的,不是现在,丢失是在我以为前,是过去的过去,所以选A。 8. B。根据语境,强调昨天我一整天都在帮弟弟,故用过去进行时。 9 C。根据上下文语境,指的是过去。 10 A。由后半句我们仅聊几句可知,她当时还没走,was leaving意为正要走,表示过去即将发生的动作。 11 D。根据上下文的意思当那帮人闯入的时候你在干什么,我已经关了电视,准备去睡觉了,再结合语境,可知D项正确。 12 C。fall是短暂性动词,fall asleep这个动作是发生在看电视的过程中,不能用进行时态。 13 C。主句用将来时,时间状语从句用一般现在时表示将来。 14 C。根据句意可知,taste在此作系动词,用一般现在时的主动形式表示被动意义。 15 A。be to do与when连用时,表示正要做……,这时突然……。
专题四 非谓语动词
考点聚焦
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动词-ing(现在分词或动名词)和过去分词三种形式,它在英语中占有很重要的位置,是英语学习中的难点,更是高考中的重点。主要考查:1 动词不定式和动词-ing的时态和语态;2不定式作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语;3 动词-ing作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语;4过去分词作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语; 5 非谓语动词之间用法的区别。
重点突破
重点1 动词不定式的考查
不定式不能作谓语动词,它可以有自己的宾语、状语;构成的不定式短语在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语和状语。高考对不定式的考查涉及到不定式的时态、语态、功能和省略等。
1 作宾语 用动词不定式作宾语的动词有:want, refuse, pretend, promise, fail, agree, aim, choose, decide, demand, expect, hope, learn, manage, try, afford, offer, wish, intend, plan, ask, desire等动词等。 另外动词不定式在作tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss的宾语时,前面常带疑问词,即:疑问词(how, when, where, what, who)+ to do。如: He showed me how to do the work.他教我怎样做这项工作。
典例1 I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ___ in my new job.
A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects
解析 B。疑问词 +不定式作know的宾语,what to expect = what I will expect
2 作宾语补足语 可以带有动词不定式作宾语补足语的常见动词有:wish, cause, ask, beg, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, want, warn, allow, advise, encourage, request 等。 动词不定式作动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe等感官动词以及 have, let, make等使役动词的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时就必须带to符号。如: I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.
典例2 My advisor encouraged ___ a summer course to improve my writing skill.
A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take
解析 D。在该题中,encourage后接不定式作宾语补足语。故正确答案是D。
3 不定式在下列短语后一起构成谓语
在 be said, be reported, be known, be believed, be considered, be thought, be likely, be certain, be sure, be unlikely, be destined等后。Think, consider, believe等后可跟to have done作补语,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
典例3 AIDS is said ____ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (06年湖北卷) A. that it is B. to be C. that is has been D. to have been
解析 D。be said后接不定式,根据题中的时间状语over the past few years表明不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前,所以必须用不定式的完成式。
典例4 Police are now searching for a woman who is report to ___ since the flood hit the area last Friday(06年山东卷)
A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost
解析 A。be reported to do sth意为:被报道做某事后半句是由 since引导的时间状语从句,表示从过去到现在的这段时间,应和现在完成时连用,而且必须和延续性动词连用,可排除 B,C,D选项。正确答案为A。
4 不定式作表语 不定式放在be和其他系动词后,用来说明主语的内容。同样,特殊疑问词和不定式连用也可以作表语。
注意:如果主句部分的谓语动词或非谓语动词中含有do, 那么作表语的不定式可以省去to。如:The only thing he could do was (to) tell the truth. 他只有说真话。
典例5 The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ___ it more difficult.
A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make
解析 B。在该题中,有两个不定式作并列表语,由于前后是对比关系,所以不定式符号to不能省略。故答案是B。
5 不定式的语态 (1)不定式的被动式:不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动意义。
典例6 It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ___.(06 年江西卷)
A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
解析B。该题是it takes some time to do sth句型,不定式与其逻辑主语the connection之间是被动关系,所以用不定式的被动式。
典例7 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games ___ in Beijing in 2008.(06年四川卷)
A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held
解析 D。分析句子的结构可知,选项应作定语修饰名词。第29届奥运会08年将在北京举行,是将来的动作,不定式作定语表示即将发生的动作;不定式与the 29th Olympic Games之间是被动关系,用被动式。所以答案为 D。
(2)在下列结构中,虽含有被动意味,却常用不定式的主动式:
There be句型中作定语的不定式。试比较: There is nothing to see没有什么可看的了。(即:没有什么值得看的) There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即:什么也没看见)
疑问词后接不定式。如: I don’t know which bus to take. 我不知道该乘哪路车。
典例8 Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one__.(06年安徽卷)
A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed
解析 C。不定式to blame意为该受责备,主动形式表被动意义,在该题中作定语修饰the one,意为格林先生站起来为那个16岁的男孩辩护,说他不是该受责备的人。
6 不定式作状语 (1)不定式作状语主要表示目的,可以置于句首或句末,置于句首时通常用逗号隔开。 注意:不定式常用在so as (to)或)in order (to)后,与它一起作状语,表示目的。
典例9 ____ the employees’ working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break.(06年上海春季卷) A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. improved 解析 B。根据句意为了提高员工的工作效率,主管将允许他们喝咖啡休息一会儿!,本题应用不定式作状语,表示目的。
(2)不定式常和only连用,可以作结果状语,但是与动词-ing不同,不定式所表示的结果往往出乎意料。如: 典例10 He hurried to the booking office only ____ that all the tickets had been sold out. (06年陕西卷)
A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told
解析 B。句意为!他急忙赶到订票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了,动词不定式作状语,表示意外结果;不定式与主语之间是被动关系,所以用被动式。
(3)另外形容词+enough不定式和too+形容词或副词+不定式也可表示结果状语。如:The book is easy enough for beginners to read. 这本书很容易,初学者能看懂。 注意少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词,如glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied等用于too… to结构时不定式表示肯定意义,too前面还可以有only, but等词修饰。
典例11 The man rewarded with a large amount of money was too ____ to tell his family.
A. exciting B. excited C. anxious D. surprised
解析 C。此题考查too + adj/adv + to do sth这一句型。对于一般的形容词或副词来说,too暗示否定,表示太……而不能;但对于 happy, glad, anxious, eager, willing, pleased等词则恰恰相反,这些词用于too… to结构中,表示只是/很……去干某事。
重点2 动名词的考查
动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成式,有主动式和被动式,可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。
1 动名词的时态与语态
(1)动名词的一般式表示与谓语动作同时或稍后发生;完成式表示动作先于谓语动作发生。 (2)动名词的语态主要看与逻辑主语之间的关系,如果逻辑主语是动名词的执行者就用主动式,是动名词的承受者就用被动式。如: No one likes being laughed at in public. 没有人愿意被当众嘲笑。 注意:need, want, require作需要讲时,后接动词-ing形式或接不定式的被动式表被动。
典例1 The storm left, ____ a lot of damage to this area.
A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused
解析 D。选项动词与前面有逗号隔开,说明不是并列谓语,排除A。cause与主语storm之间是主动关系,所以用动词-ing形式作状语表结果,用完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,相当于The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area. 而不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料。所以答案为D。
2 动名词作主语 动词不定式和动名词在句中可以作主语。但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语: (1)It is/was no use/good + doing sth.(2)It is/was of little use/good + doing sth.
(3)It is/was useless + doing sth.
典例2 It is no ____ arguing with Bill because he will never change his mind.
A. use B. help C. time D. way
解析 A。该题是It is/was no use/good + doing sth.句型。
典例3 ____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
解析C。在该题中,谓语will do缺少主语,而皮肤与暴露之间是被动关系,故用动词-ing的被动式因此答案是C。
3 动名词作介词或动词的宾语(1)以下动词后面只接动名词作宾语admit, appreciate, avoid, consider(考虑),delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss(错过),practise, risk, resist, suggest等。 (2)以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语:be/get used to(习惯于),belong to(属于),can’t help(情不自禁),can’t stand(无法忍受),equal to(等同于)give up, go on, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, put off, devote… to/ be devoted to(致力于),refer to, pay attention to, point to, get down to等。
(3)下列动词接不定式和动名词时意义不同:
A) remember to do sth记住要做某事;remember doing sth记得已做过某事 B) forget to do sth忘记要做某事;forget doing sth忘记已做过某事 C) stop to do sth停下来开始做某事(实际上不定式在此作目的状语);stop doing sth停止正在做的事 D) go on to do sth接着做另一件事;go on doing sth继续做同一件事 E)try to do sth设法做某事;try doing sth试着做某事 F) mean to do sth 打算(意欲,企图)做某事;mean doing sth意味着某事 G)regret to do sth遗憾(后悔)要做某事;regret doing sth 后悔已做某事 H) can’t help to do sth不能帮助做某事;can’t help doing sth情不自禁地做某事
典例4 ---- There is story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. ---- My goodness! I can’t imagine ___ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been
解析 C。imagine后接动名词作宾语,排除A,B,D项完成式表示动作先于谓语动词发生,不合题意,故排除。
典例5 Isn’t is time you got down to ____ the papers? (06年重庆卷)
A. marking B. be marked C. being marked D. marking
解析D。get down to后接名词或动名词作宾语;mark与主语之间是主动关系所以用主动式。
典例6 After he became conscious, he remembered ___ and ___ on the head with a rod.(06年江西卷)A. to attack, hit B. to be attacked, to be hit C. attacking, be hit D. having been attacked, hit
解析 D。根据句意他苏醒后,记得被人袭击和用棒打在头上可知事情已经发生过了;又因为选项动词与主语之间是被动关系,所以选D。
重点3 现在分词与过去分词的考查
分词分现在分词和过去分词,具有动词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中作定语、补足语、表语或状语。其否定形式是直接在前面加not。分词的基本情况如下表所示:
类别 |
主动语态 |
被动语态 |
时间意义 |
语态意义 |
|
现在 分词 |
一般式 |
Doing |
Being done |
与谓语动词同时 或几乎同时发生 |
根据语态形式, 主动或被动意义 |
完成式 |
Having done |
Having been done |
发生在谓语动词之前 |
根据语态形式, 主动或被动意义 |
|
过去分词 |
done |
无 |
表示动作完成 |
被动意义 |
1 分词作状语
现在分词作表语表示主语的特征,过去分词作表语是对主语进行描述,常与系动词 be, get, remain, stay等连用。现在分词作表语含有主动意味,其主语常是事或物;过去分词作表语表示被动意义,其主语常是人,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成短语,如:be interested in, be satisfied with, be covered with, be dressed in, be seated等。
电力1 Tom sounds very much ___ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it. (06年安徽卷) A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly
解析 A。在题中sound是一个系动词,意思为听起来令人觉得,似乎,其后应接一个可以作表语的词,因此排除B,D两项。根据句意,表语在此是对主语Tom进行描述,而不是表示其特征,因此应用过去分词interested。
2 分词作定语
(1)现在分词作定语时和被修饰词之间为主动关系,表示动作正在或经常发生。单个现在分词作定语放在被修饰词前面,现在分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。
典例2 There have been several new events ___ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.(06年北京卷) A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
解析 C。该句是there be句型,所填选项作定语修饰名词events。因为选项动词add与event 之间是主动关系,所以用现在分词作定语。答案为C。
(2)过去分词作定语时和被修饰词之间往往是被动关系,表示动作已经完成。单个的过去分词作定语放在被修饰词的前面,过去分词短语作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。
典例3 Five people won the “China’s Green Figure” award, a title ___ to ordinary people for their contribution to environmental protection.(06年山东卷) A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given
解析 C。题中a title是award的同位语,后接非谓语动词短语作定语,因此可排除B,D两项。选项动词give与名词title之间是被动关系,且根据句意,give并非表示正在进行,因此用过去分词作定语。答案为C。
3 分词作状语
(1)现在分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等;表示时间关系的现在分词短语有时可由连词 while或when引导。
典例4 When ____ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (06年浙江卷) A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared
解析 C。选项动词compare与句子主语之间是主动关系,根据语意选项动词并非发生在谓语动词之前,所以用现在分词的一般式的主动语态作状语,表示时间。正确答案为C。
(2)过去分词在句中作状语时和句子的主语之间是被动关系,即动宾关系。它在句中可表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式、让步及伴随状况等。
典例 5 ___ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.(06年福建卷) A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed
解析 B。blame sb for sth意为因某事责怪某人,题中blame与主语之间是被动关系,所以用过去分词作状语,表示原因。 注意:在英语中有些表示说话人态度的分词结构已成为固定用语,不遵循其逻辑主语与句子一致的原则。如:generally speaking总的来说;judging from根据……判断; speaking of说到……;talking of谈到……;considering考虑到。
4 分词作补语
(1)可以用现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, find, watch, observe, smell等。另外,现在分词还可以在使役动词have, get以及其他动词 keep, catch, leave, set等后作宾补。如: 典例6 --- What did he do in the middle of the night? --- Well, I saw her___.
A. playing the piano B. to play piano C. play the piano D. to be playing piano
解析 A。现在分词短语作宾语补足语,意为我看到他在午夜弹钢琴。Playing the piano表明在午夜这一时间正在进行的动作。正确答案为 A。
(2)过去分词通常可以作宾语补足语,和宾语之间为被动关系。可以用过去分词作宾补的动词有:see, hear, feel, notice, find, watch, observe, smell, look at, listen to, have, get, make, let, keep, leave, like, want, wish等。
典例7 In the dream Peter saw himself ___ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.(06年上海春季卷) A. chased B. to be chased C. be chased D. having been chased
解析 A。see后可以接动词原形或分词作宾语补足语。本题中选项动词与宾语himself是被动关系,所以用过去分词作宾补。答案为 A。
难点解疑
难点1 不定式to后的内容省略的问题
有时为了避免重复,作宾语或补足语的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常常承前省略。这种情况常出现在下列以下三种情况: 1在以下动词或短语之后,如:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try, be glad/love等。 2在have, need, be going to, be able to, ought to, used to等情态动词或半助动词构成的复合结构中。 3在 teach, know, wonder, ask, decide等动词后接/疑问词+不定式 作宾语时。 注意:如果承前省略的不定式的内容是作助动词be或have的任何形式,to后应保留原形be或have如: --- I didn’t tell him the news. 我没有告诉他那个消息。
典例 I meant ___, but when I was leaving, I couldn’t find her anywhere.
A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing to
解析 B。根据语意,mean后用不定式,表示打算做某事,此处to后省略了本打算进行的动作。
难点2 独立主格结构
独立主格结构与句子主语之间没有句法上的联系,但与句子的意义是紧密相连的。非谓语动词在下列情况下构成独立主格结构: 1 名词/代词/+不定式/现在分词/过去分词Nobody to come here the day after tomorrow, they will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果后天没有人来,他们就把会议推迟到下周。
2 with +宾语+非谓语动词 结构在句中可以作伴随、原因、时间状语等。 典例1 ____ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend. A. With B. Besides C. As for D. Because of
解析 A. 在with +宾语+不定式结构中,不定式和宾语之间是被动关系,表示尚未发生的动作。该结构在此作原因状语。 典例2 The child slept with the light ____ . A. to burn B. burnt C. burning D. burn
解析 C。本题考查with+宾语+现在分词结构,宾语和现在分词之间是主动关系,表示动作和谓语动词同时发生。
强化过关
1 --- What happened to you on your way back to the hotel last night? --- I lost my way in complete darkness and, ___ things worse, it began to pour. A. making B. to make C. having made D. made
2 It rained nonstop for ten days, completely ___ our holiday.
A. to ruin B. ruined C. having ruined D. ruining
3 --- Why do you look sad? --- There are so many problems ___.
A. remaining to settle B. remained settling C. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled
4 --- We didn’t find the Blacks ___ the lecture. --- No one had told him about ___ a lecture the following day.
A. to attend, there to be B. attending, there being C. attended, there be D. attend, there was
5 Only ___ according to the directions can the medicine be quite effective.
A. taking B. taken C. being taken D. having been taken
6 --- Is there any possibility of the film ___ in Paris International Festival?
A. trying out B. tried out C. to try out D. being tried out
7 --- Hi, Mary. Would you like to go to the concert this evening? --- Sorry, Tom. ___ tomorrow’s lessons, I have no time to go out with you. A. Not preparing B. Not having prepared C. Not to prepare D. Being not prepared
8 --- I can’t recite the poem --- Well, you are supposed ___ it many times yesterday evening.
A. to read B. to have read C. reading D. having read
9 Nowadays teens prefer going to the cybercafé, ____, as is known to some of them, they can chat with their friends by QQ or play games, __ some reading. A. which, rather than do B. where, to do C. what, doing D. where, to doing
10 Such ___ the case, I couldn’t help but ___ him.
A. being, support B. is, to support C. has been, supporting D. be, supported
11 --- It is reported there will be another museum ___ in our city. --- When___, it will be open to the public.
A. to be built, completing B. to build, to be completed C. to build, completed D. to be built, being completed