[1] Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards.

[2] They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game, which is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players, at a cost to the punisher. The most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded it the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded it the least. And the more a group punished itself,                  . The group with the most punishment earned twenty-five percent less than the group with the least punishment.

[3] The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse. Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were ages two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were ages five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not. The study says the IQs — or intelligence quotients — of the younger children who were not spanked (打屁股) were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points.

[4] Murray Strauss from the University of New Hampshire worked with Mallie Paschall from the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation says the more they are spanked, the slower their mental development is. He also looked at average IQs in other nations and found them lower where spanking was more common.

1. What is the best title of the passage? (no more than 10 words)

2.Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?

Compared to the children's IQs whose parents use physical punishment, the result of those whose parents don't is 5 points higher.

3.Fill in the blank in paragraph 2 with proper words. (no more than 5 words)

4. List three facts that lead to the most successful behavior in paragraph 2. (no more than 8 words)

5.Translate the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 into Chinese.

Normal bicycle safety guides usually tell you to wear you helmet(头盔) and to obey the law in order to avoid being hit on a bike. Is this advice really helpful?

Consider this for a moment: Wearing a helmet will absolutely do nothing to prevent you from getting hit by a car. Surely, a helmet might help you if you get hit, but you No.1 goal should be to avoid getting hit. Plenty of cyclists were killed by cars__________. However, if they had ridden without helmets, yet followed the guidelines listed below, they might still be alive today. So they saying that wearing a helmet is the first and last word in bike safety is, to some degree(在一定程度上), wrong.

The most common bike safety advice is “follow the law”. Ridiculously, most people are already aware that it’s stupid to race through a red light at a crossroads. As a result, it’s clear that the “follow the law” advice isn’t that helpful, either. In addition, following the law is not enough to keep you safe. Here’s an example: The law tells you to ride on the right, but if you ride too far to the right, someone started a parked car could open their door right in front of you and motorists pulling out of driveways and parking lots will be less visible. In that case you were following the law, but could still have been hit.

Then what should we remember in order to keep safe when riding a bike? I will tell you about it in the following paragraph.

1.What does the author say about wearing a helmet in the second paragraph?(within 8 words)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

2.Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?

However, nearly everyone knows that riding through hared traffic light is dangerous.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Please fill in the blank in the second paragraph with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.(within 5 words)

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4. List the two regular bike safety guides.(within 8words)

_______________________________________②_______________________________________

5.Translate the underlined sentence in the third paragraph into Chinese.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.

The simplest form of business is called an individual proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. The law recognizes no difference between the owner and the business

           . Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.

There are limited liability partnerships. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also do not have as many responsibilities. Partnerships can end at any time. But partnerships and individual proprietorships exist only as long as the owners are alive.

The most complex kind of business organization is the corporation. Corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime.

Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buy stock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business. A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or it might reinvest the money into the business.

If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation. A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.

But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. There are nonprofit groups that are also organized as corporations.

1. What's the main idea of this passage? (within 10 words)

2. Please fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence. (within 10 words)

3. Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?

To put the profits into the business again might be another choice.

4. In what way are partnerships and corporations different from each other? Please list two main aspects. (each within 15 words)

(1)                                (2)                              

5. Please translate the underlined sentence.

阅读下面短文，并根据短文后的要求回答（请注意问题后的字数要求）

[1]China will change the world as much as the world changes China, if the country continues its opening up.

[2]How could it not? The rest of the world cannot remain unaffected by the culture of one-fifth of humanity. As China strengthens its economy, allows its citizens more overseas travel and participates in global efforts, the West surely will learn more about Chinese ways.

[3]And once it does, its people might choose to adot some of them.

[4]It might surprise Chinese that Westerners             . When I announced my Beijing job to American friends, family and neighbors, they were very curious and mostly uninformed about China．

[5] Our media carries little news about China except during unusual circumstances, which typically are times of stress between the two countries．We hear about arguments with China over climate change, Taiwan and Tibet, but that doesn' t tell average Americans anything about average Chinese．

       [6]Most American- don't know that Chinese weddings feature firecrackers; that Chinese parents make extraordinary sacrifices for their children; that Chinese diners eat off plates smaller than any on a Western table; that favorite Chinese drinks include hot soy milk and the potent white-grain alcohol, baijiu; and that elderly Chinese sometimes walk down streets backwards to keep their balancing skills sharp．

[7]Westemers will learn as they and the Chinese increasingly mingle（接触）．As they do there' s no telling which Chirac customs will take root in foreiffl soil．but some of them surely will．

[8] Maybe we' 11 see baijiu and green tea served at baseball stadiums along with beer and soda pop．That wouldn' t make the game any less American．

[9] Meanwhile, I hope China continues to take in what the world has to offer and transform it into something typically Chinese．To think that exposure to Western ways weakens China, instead of strengthens it, assumes the country' s culture is fragile．That' s a surprising attitude for any Chinese to take．

What does the passage mainly tell us? (within 10 words)

Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words. (within 6 words)

What an attitude should we Chinese take towards Western culture according to the author? (within 20 words)

Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?

In that case, some of the Chinese way of life will, possibly, be accepted by the westerners.

Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 7 into Chinese.