It is common to consider learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom, even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives.

Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to use toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environments. They learn how to communicate with their parents, grandparents, siblings, friends, and other people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social skills for communicating with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to deal with the many major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children. Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to affect the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.

Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how the brain later outputs knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.

The author thinks “Learning”in the passage most refers to_________.

   A. life-long learning          B. family learning  

C. learning after graduation    D. behavior learning

The underlined siblings in the second paragraph probably means______.

   A. teachers    B. classmates   C. doctors      D. brothers or sisters

Which period of children’ life does they begin to how to behave well according to the passage?

   A.After they go int society

   B.Before they enter school

   C.When they are at school

   D.Before they are born

Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage?

A. As a matter of fact, learning begins with formal school education

   B. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students.

   C. People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors.

   D. Employers should study the principles of learning to manage their workers well.

The author tries to tell us ______in the last paragraph

   A. learning is closely related to memory and experience

   B. psychologists are interested in the wat the brain stores knowledge

   C. psychologists are more interested in a person’s behavior

   D. the relationship between learning, brain and behavior

In meditation(冥想) ，people sit quietly and focus their attention on their breath. As they breathe in and out, they attend to their feelings. As thoughts go through their minds. they let them go. Breathe. Let go. Breathe. Let go.

According to a recent study at the Insight Meditation Society in Barre, Massachusetts, three months of training in this kind of meditation causes a market change in how the brain allocates(分配) attention. It appears that the ability to let go thoughts that come into mind frees the brain to attend to more rapidly changing things and events in the outside world. Expert mediators are better than other people at catching such fast-changing stimuli(刺激), like facial expressions.

The study provides evidence for changes in the workings of the brain with mental training. People can learn and improve abilities of all sorts with practice. everything from driving to playing the piano. The study has shown that meditation is good for the brain, It appears to reduce pressure and promote a sense of well-being.

In an experiment, 17 volunteers with no meditation experience in the experimental group spent three months meditating 10 to 12 hours a day. A control group also with no meditation experience meditated for 20 minutes a day over the same period. Both groups were then given the tests with two numbers in a group of letters. As both group looked for the numbers, their brain activity was recorded.

Everyone could catch the first number. But the brain recordings showed that the less experienced mediators tended to grasp the first number and hang onto it, so they missed the second number. Those with more experience gave less attention to the first number. as if letting it go, which led to an increased ability to grasp the second number, This shows that attention can change with practice.

Just ask Daniel Levision, who meditated for three months as part of the study.” I am a much better listener,” he said. “I do not get lost in my own personal reaction to what people are saying.”

48. The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 1 refers to ________.

A. feelings               B. minds               C. people                    D. thoughts

49. Meditations manage their daily tasks better because they ________.

A. are given less pressure                     B. allocate their attention better

C. have more stimuli for life                 D. practice them more frequently

50. In the experiment, volunteers doing meditation for longer hours ________.

A. were more likely to catch both of the members

B. were used to memorizing numbers in groups

C. usually ignored the first number observed

D. paid more attention to numbers than to letters

51. The study proves that ________.

A. meditation improves one’s health

B. brain activity can be recorded

C. human attention can be trained

D. mediators have a good sense of hearing

It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.  

I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers’ opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down. Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work. .  

Different from popular belief ,we do not usually think in the works and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas （known as “mentalese”）, and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language . But while mentalese contains our  thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry （织锦），writing can only be composed one thread at a time . Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produces new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.  

When people write as if some strict critics （批评家） are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem. When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it ,as wonderful and worth putting down . It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.  

What do we learn from the text about those famous writers? 

A. They often regret writing poor works 

B. Some of them write surprisingly much.  

C. Many of them hate reading their own works 

D. They are happy to review the publishers’ opinions.  

What do people generally believe about the way human minds work? 

A. People think in words and sentences.  

B. Human ideas are translated into symbols 

C. People think by connecting threads of ideas.  

D. Human thoughts are expressed through pictures. 

What can we conclude from the text? 

A. Most people believe we think in symbols.  

B. Loving our own writing is scientifically reasonable.  

C. The writers and critics can never reach an agreement.  

D. Thinking and writing are different stages of mind at work.  

C

No one can believe that the over 6,300-kilometer Great Wall might disappear some day. Believe it or not, the Great Wall is being destroyed by people. Less than 20 percent of the Great Wall built in the Ming Dynasty, is still perfect, but about 80 percent is in danger. The Great Wall can be called "great" mostly because of its amazing length. But we should realize that the length was made up of one brick at a time. If we do nothing to save the Great Wall, it will become a series of separate wasteland rather than a historic site.

The Great Wall is actually a series of walls built and rebuilt by different dynasties over the past 2,000 years. It began in the rule of China's first emperor, Qin Shihuang of the Qin Dynasty(221 BC-206 BC), and lasted into the Ming Dynasty. The parts built before the Ming Dynasty have nearly disappeared. People are familiar with sections such as Badaling in Beijing and Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu, because they have been open to tourists for many years. But those sections far away from the public eyes have been almost forgotten.

Few local people knew the 3-metre-high walls made of earth and stones beside them are part of the Great Wall. The lack of knowledge is considered as one of the main reasons behind human.

The bricks on the Great Wall are carried off by countryside people to build their houses, sheep corrals and pigsties. Some were taken away to build roads. Bricks carved with people's names are put away as remembrances. Rubbish is spread over the battlements. The bricks can be sold for 15 yuan per tractor load. Those who destroyed and are destroying the Wall know its name, but are not clear about its cultural meaning. It will take a long time to let them know this. The local farmers not only carried off the body of the Wall but also dug out the entire base.

It is necessary to protect the Great Wall. First of all, the officials should be aware of the importance of the Great Wall. Young Chinese should know more about the nation's great civilization and learn to love it.

64. Why does the writer say the Great Wall might disappear?

A. It is useless from now on.

B. It will be replaced by a new one.

C. Some parts of it are being destroyed.

D. It is too old to be used again.

65. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?

A. The Great Wall was completed in the Ming Dynasty.

B. Not all the foreign tourists like the Great Wall.

C. The first part of the Great Wall was built in 221 BC.

D. The Qin Great Wall was protected well.

66. The underlined part "those sections far away from the public eyes" (in Paragraph 2) refers to the parts of the Great Wall _____.

A. that are too difficult to find

B. nobody can watch

C. that are too far to be seen

D. that are not well-known to the public

67. What's the main reason of the Great Wall's being destroyed?

A. The local people are short of culture knowledge.

B. The local people need bricks and stones to build houses.

C. The local people think that the Great Wall is not important.

D. The local people sell the bricks for a living.

Section A (10 points)                                                     

Directions: Read the following passage. Complete the diagram by using the information from the passage. WRITE NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS for each answer.

Many students eat their breakfasts on the way to school or in the dinning-room. But some of them don’t really know how to eat well when eating out.

Here is some important advice. The first is to eat less fast food. The most obvious harm of eating too much fast food is weight gaining because of too much fat. Young people and adults are at risk of diseases related to weight.

Too much fast food can drag your body down. French fries, for example, were recently found to contain much more acryl amide(丙烯酰胺) than other food. This may cause cancer. Actually, deep fried food all contains acryl amide. So don’t eat it too often.

Soda is another thing you should watch out for. Cokes and other sodas contain a lot of sugar and can slow down a person’s calcium absorption, so it’s best to drink as little soda as possible.

Food in the dinning-room may not be as tasty as fast food, but it’s actually easier to make healthy choices. Human bodies need variety. You can have a meal that balances lean proteins, vitamins and complex carbohydrates(碳水化合物). In other words, a meal with fish or meat, vegetables and some bread or rice will provide you with most nutrients that the body needs.

Some snacks, on the other hand, will help keep you going until your next big meal. It is natural for teenagers, especially boys, to feel hungry during school time. Don’t forget to take some foods, like whole-grain biscuits or low-fat milk in your school bag.

                               Title: 71__________