Children become more generous as they get older，learning the principles of equality by the age of eight.That may not be too surprising to anyone who has kids.

Humans are born with a sense of fairness that most other animals seem not to share，but it’s not been clear exactly when this concept starts to develop.

Dr.Alva Zhao and her colleagues conducted a series of tests to measure just how much children care about equality at different ages.In three different versions of a game，children were asked to choose between two ways of sharing a number of sweets with themselves and an unfamiliar partner.They could choose，for example，between one for me and one for you，or just having one for themselves.

At the age of three，children were “almost completely selfish”，says Zhao.

They refused to give sweets away even if it made no difference to themselves.But by the age of eight，children generally preferred the fair option，sharing a prize equally rather than keeping it all to themselves.

Several other factors influenced how fair the children were.The team found that children without brothers or sisters were 28% more likely to share than children with brothers or sisters.On the other hand，the youngest children in a family were 17% less willing to share than children who had only younger brother or sister.

In addition，if children knew that their partner was from the same playgroup or school，they were more concerned about being fair.This suggests that being nice to people you know is something that develops a sense of equality.

1．The main idea of the first paragraph is________.

A．parents know clearly when their kids are more willing to share

B．the kids’ willingness of sharing is learned from their family

C．the older the kids are，the more selfish they will become

D．kids become more generous when they reach a certain age

2．The tests conducted by Dr.Alva Zhao and her colleagues were aimed at________.

A．how kids develop a quality of fairness in games

B．children’s awareness of equality at different ages

C．the reasons why children care about equality

D．children’s attitudes towards other partners

3．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A．Children under three know little about being fair.

B．Children above eight years old become less selfish.

C．Children with brothers or sisters tend to be more generous.

D．The youngest child in a family tends to be less generous.

4．We can learn that children care more about equality while with________.

A．unknown people 　　 B．nice people

C．familiar people 　 D．fair people

Each member country of WTO must ____ its laws and regulations and compete on the principle of fairness and cooperation.

A. cater to B. correspond to　　 C. relate to　 D. submit to

 “You must be mad！” said my friends. “Giving up your job now， when there isn't much chance of finding another one， ever！”

But I had already come to my lonely decision. To wake up in the morning with a sense of fear， to force a hasty breakfast down an unwilling throat and then to set off for work with pounding heart and frozen face had become habitual， and I had turned to tranquilizers(镇定剂) to help me along.

It hadn't always been as bad as this. Ten years before I had managed quite well.

I， in common with most other teachers， am rather self??critical， and I knew now I was no longer “managing”.My classes were noisy， the children were not learning very much， and my attempts to cope with changing teaching methods produced very little effect. At one time my very presence in the doorway would be enough to ensure a partial silence. Now they give a vague(含糊的) “Hello， Miss”， and carry on. I had run out of enjoyment and enthusiasm. It was time to stop.

Was it all my own failure？ In fairness to myself， I don't think it was. I had plenty of ideas， I loved my subject， and I liked children.

I had been idealistic. But the reality I faced was bored children， over??stimulated(刺激)by video??watching the night before and tired out by a late bedtime. They were given the wrong food at the wrong time， who came without breakfast to school and then stuffed themselves with gum and chocolates bought on the way； who were “high” with hunger in class and talked restlessly as the cooking smell from the school kitchen came drifting (漂) to all floors.

I had been trying to create the basic conditions in which teaching becomes possible， but I had failed， and no longer had the stomach for the job.

64.The reason why the writer decided to give up her job was probably that　　　　.

A.teaching children wasn't challenging

B.she took no pride in her work

C.teaching had become too much for her

D.she disliked the new teaching method

65.“My very presence in the doorway would be enough to ensure a partial silence” means“　　　　”.

A.I'd very well make some students stop talking simply by standing in the doorway

B.when I came to the doorway， the class would immediately quiet down

C.all the students would become silent on my turning up in the doorway

D.my appearance in the doorway could at least comfort the class

66.The following are all reasons that children couldn't concentrate in class EXCEPT　　　　.

A.they were tired out because they went to bed too late

B.they were burdened with too much homework

C.they were not properly fed by their parents

D.they were over excited by video??watching the night before

67.We can infer from the passage that the writer　　　　.

A.had no love for children at all

B.never truly enjoyed teaching

C.found it difficult to give up her job

D.felt extremely nervous about each coming day

During our two months on the road，Bennett and I had a really 　1   experience with a good，honest 　2　 and some helpful mechanics（机修师）.

We were driving east on Highway 10 when our “check engine” light came on. We limped（拐）off a（n）　3   into Las Cruces. We had a real car 　4  .Bennett nursed the car into a local garage. By the time the car was missing（熄火）, it was shaking all over so 　5  .This was the 　6   time to arrive at a garage—late Friday afternoon. Service adviser Scott was busy 　7   paper work and customers as we 　8　 our problems.　9   he was already “ten cars behind”，he told us to pull the car into the garage.

Lincoln，who we later 　10　 was one of the top motor technicians，took 　11   of our car repairing. He and Scott and some other mechanics stayed several hours after closing，　12   the car.

Early the next morning(the shop was officially closed on Saturdays)，Lincoln finally located the 　13  and fixed it easily within only 　14  .?

Later Scott 　15   out to us that it was our attitude that helped. “You didn’t come into the place demanding this or that. You showed an ?16  of our problems on a busy Friday afternoon. Customer’s attitude means a lot.” He was right in some way，customers should show 　17   and understanding to people who 　18   them.　19   people are extremely busy，they can find a way to at least try and help when they are met with politeness.?

The pleasant experience I had shows that 　20   for other people can always help.?

1．A．awful                  B．pleasant                 C．wonderful                  D．terrible?

2．A．station                 B．studio                   C．factory                      D．garage?

3．A．exit                     B．turning                  C．crossing                    D．entrance?

4．A．difficulty             B．examination           C．trouble                      D．disaster

5．A．busily                  B．badly                    C．quickly                      D．weakly?

6．A．highest                B．easiest                   C．luckiest                     D．worst

7．A．at                       B．on                        C．with                          D．by?

8．A．explained             B．introduced             C．repeated                    D．expressed

9．A．As                      B．Because                C．Even                         D．Though

10．A．learned              B．understood            C．recognized                 D．thought

11．A．care                  B．control                  C．charge                       D．pride?

12．A．building             B．examining              C．repairing                    D．driving?

13．A．problem             B．disease                  C．danger                       D．wound?

14．A．days                  B．hours                    C．months                     D．minutes?

15．A．spoke                B．pointed                  C．broke                        D．blew?

16．A．understanding    B．ignorance            C．appreciation               D．awareness

17．A．cruelness           B．fairness                 C．calmness                   D．politeness?

18．A．comfort             B．protect                 

19．A．Even if              B．As if                     C．Even so                     D．As though

20．A．obedience          B．respect                  C．patience                     D．mercy

Everybody is happy as his pay rises. Yet pleasure at your own can disappear if you learn that a fellow worker has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he is known as being lazy, you might even be quite cross. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying belief that other animals would not be able to have this finely developed sense of sadness. But a study by Sarah Brosnan of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.

The researchers studied the behaviors of some kind of female brown monkeys. They look smart. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food happily. Above all, like female human beings, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.

Such characteristics make them perfect subjects for Doctor Brosnan’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens(奖券)-some rocks, for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for pieces of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate and connected rooms, so that each other could observe what the other is getting in return for its rock, they became quite different.

In the world of monkeys, grapes are excellent goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was not willing to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either shook her own token at the researcher, or refused to accept the cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other room (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to bring about dissatisfaction in a female monkey.

The researches suggest that these monkeys, like humans, are guided by social senses. In the wild, they are co-operative and group-living. Such co-operation is likely to be firm only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of anger when unfairly treated, it seems, are not the nature of human beings alone. Refusing a smaller reward completely makes these feelings clear to other animals of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness developed independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it comes from the common roots that they had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.

1．Female monkeys of this kind are chosen for the research most probably because they are　 .

A．more serious about what they get

B．attentive to researchers’ instructions

C．nice in both appearance and behaviors

D．more ready to help others than their male companions

2．The underlined statement “it is all too monkey” means that_______.

A．monkeys are also angry with lazy fellows

B．feeling bitter at unfairness is also monkey’s nature

C．monkeys, like humans, tend to be envious of each other

D．no animals other than monkeys can develop such feelings

3．When one monkey received a grape for free, the other would　　　　 .

A．not be willing to hand over her token

B．shake her hands and get angry

C．have to exchange her token for the cucumber

D．refuse to accept the cucumber

4．Which of the following conclusions is TRUE according to the passage?

A．Human beings’ feelings of anger are developed from the monkeys.

B．In the research, male monkeys are less likely to exchange food with others.

C．Co-operation between monkeys stays firm before the realization of being cheated.

D．Only monkeys and humans have the sense of fairness dating from 35 million years ago.

5．What can we learn about the monkeys in Sarah’s study?

A．They can be trained to develop social senses.

B．They usually show their feelings openly as humans do.

C．They may show their satisfaction with equal treatment.

D．They feel angry when they receive small rewards.