D
Andrew Carnegie was a 19th century steel tycoon（大亨）who became one of the 20th century’s most famous philanthropists（慈善家）His life story is one of the most famous rags-to-riches accounts in United States history.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermlined, Scotland, on November 25,1835. The son of a weaver, he came with his family to the United States in 1848 and settled in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. At age thirteen, Carnegie went to work as a bobbin（线轴）boy in a cotton mill. He then moved rapidly through a series of jobs with Western Union and the Pnnsylvania Railroad. In 1865, he resigned to establish his own business and eventually organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which started the steel industry in Pittsburgh. At age sixty-five, he sold the company to J. P. Morgan for $480 million and devoted the rest of his life to his philanthropic activities and writing, including his autobiography（自传）.
Many persons of wealth have contributed to charity, but Carnegie was perhaps the first to state publicly that the rich have a moral responsibility to donate their fortune. In 1889 he wrote The Gospe（福音）of Wealth, in which he stated that all personal wealth beyond what was required to supply the needs of one’s family should be regarded as a trust fund to be managed for the benefit of the company.
Carnegie set about giving away his fortune through countless personal gifts and through the establishment of various trusts. In his thirties, Carnegie had already begun to give away some of his fast-accumulating funds. His first large gifts were made to his native town. Later he created seven philanthropic and educational organizations in the United States, including Carnegie Corporation of New York, and several more in Europe.
One of Carnegie’s lifelong interests was the establishment of free public libraries to make available to everyone a means of self-education. There were only a few public libraries in the world when, in 1881, Carnegie began to promote his idea. He and the Corporation subsequently（随后）spent over $56 million to build 2,509 libraries throughout the English-speaking world.
After this program was ended in 1917, the Corporation continued for about forty years an interest in the improvement of library services. Other major program in the Corporation’s early history included adult education and education in the fine arts.
During his lifetime, Carnegie gave away over $350 million. He died in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11,1919.
53．Carnegie became wealthy by__________.
A．his investment in weaving industry B．his father’s financial support
C．starting his steel business from nothing  D．his philanthropic activities
54．What is the correct order of events related to Carnegie?
a．He sold his company.
b．He organized the Carnegie Steel Company.
c．He worked in a cotton mill.
d．He came to the United States.
e．He wrote The Gospel of Wealth.
A．c-d-e-b-a  B．c-b-a-d-e  C．d-c-b-e-a  D．d-b-a-e-c
55．What can we learn about Carnegie according to the passage?
A．He was the first wealthy person who contributed to charity.
B．He believed that it was the duty of the wealthy to help society.
C．He called on the wealthy to give away all of their fortune to help the poor.
D．He was willing to give personal gifts only to his friends and relatives.
56．Carnegie established public libraries in order to __________.
A．win a good reputation for his company
B．collect money for his educational organizations
C．improve library services
D．help people educate themselves

Among rich countries, people in the United States work the longest hours. They work much longer than in Europe. This difference is quite surprising because productivity per hour worked is the same in the United States as it is in France, Spain and Germany, and it is growing at a similar speed.

In most countries and at most times in history, as people have become richer they have chosen to work less. In other words they have decided to “spend” a part of their extra income on a fuller personal life. Over the last fifty years Europeans have continued this pattern, and hours of work have fallen sharply. But not in the United States. We do not fully know why this is. One reason may be greatly lower taxes in America, which increase the rewards (回报) to work. Another may be more satisfying work, or less satisfying personal lives.

Longer hours do of course increase the GDP (国内生产总值). So the United States has produced more per worker than, say, France. The United Sates also has more of its people at work, while in France many more mothers and older workers have decided to stay at home. The overall result is that American GDP per head is 40% higher than in France, even though productivity per hour worked is the same.

It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life, which often get lost in its interest. It is too early to explain the

different trends (趋势) in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance (平衡)?

56．From the text we know that the author ___________.

       A．believes that longer working hours is better

       B．prefers shorter working hours to longer ones

       C．says nothing certain about which pattern is better

       D．thinks neither of the patterns is good

57．Which of the following countries has more of its people at work?

       A．Spain.                                             B．France.

       C．Germany.                                        D．America.

58．In the last paragraph, the underlined word “which” refers to __________.

       A．family life                                        B．situations

       C．other values                                     D．trends

59．What message can we get from the text?

       A．The GDP of Europe is higher than that of America.

       B．Two possible reasons are given for working longer hours in the US.

       C．People all over the world choose to work less when they are richer.

       D．Americans are happier than Europeans.

60．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

       A．Americans and Europeans.                B．Staying at Home.

       C．Work and Productivity.                     D．Work and Happiness.

       In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music, dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

       At the same time, the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947, in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform, and they did so in a public house disused for years.

       Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

       Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And years early as 1959, with only 19 theatre groups performing, some said it was getting too big.

       A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1.25 million tickets were sold.

40. What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at the beginning?

A. To bring Europe together again.

B. To honor heroes of World War 11.

C. To introduce young theatre groups.

D. To attract great artists from Europe.

41. Why did some uninvited theatre groups come to Edinburgh in 1947?

A. They owned a public house there.

B. They came to take up a challenge.

C. They thought they were also famous.

D. They wanted to take part in the festival.

42. Who joined the "Fringe" after it appeared?

A. Popular writers

B. University students.

C. Artists from around the world.

D. Performers of music and dance.

43. We may learn from the text that Edinburgh Festival_________.

A. has become a non-official event

B. has gone beyond an art festival

C. gives shows all year round

D. keeps growing rapidly

The amount of time children spend in institutional care（机构式照顾）may affect how their brains develop. That’s the conclusion of a new study carried out by researchers at the University of Wisconsin, Harvard Medical School and the University of Minnesota. The study is published in Child Development in the journal’s January/ February 2010 issue.
To learn how the lack of care and material needs that institutionalized children often experience affect brain development, the researchers looked at 132 8- and 9-year-olds. Some of them were adopted into U.S. homes after spending at least a year and three quarters of their lives in institutions in Asia, Latin America, Russia and Eastern Europe, and Africa. Others were adopted by the time they were 8 months old into U.S. homes from foster care（寄养）in Asia and Latin America; most of these children had spent no time in institutional care, while some had spent a month or two in institutions prior to foster placement. On average, the internationally adopted children had been living with their families for more than 6 years. These children were compared to a group of American children raised in their birth families.
Children adopted early from foster care didn't differ from children raised in their birth families in the United States. Children adopted from institutional care performed worse than those raised in families on tests measuring visual memory and attention, learning visual information, and impulse （冲动）control. Yet these children performed at developmentally appropriate levels on tests involving sequencing and planning.
The take-home message: Children make tremendous advances in cognitive（认知的） functioning once they reach their adoptive families, but the early impact on their brains' development is difficult to change completely.
"We identified basic learning processes that are affected by early institutionalization," notes Seth Pollak, professor of psychology and pediatrics at the University of Wisconsin, who was the study's lead author. "Policies that speed the time in which children can be removed from institutionalized care so they can develop within family contexts should be implemented to decrease the likelihood of learning problems later in children's lives."
67．The passage is mainly written to___________.
A．compare two childcare systems      B．criticize the institutional childcare
C．present a new research finding          D．introduce the basic learning process
68．Children have their brain development affected in institutional care because__________.
A．they suffer form poor living conditions
B．they spend too much time learning
C．they don’t have freedom staying there
D．they are neither physically nor mentally satisfied
69．Compared with home-raised children, institutionalized children didn’t do as well in tasks like__________.
A．thinking in pictures and self-control
B．working in teams and self-expression
C．putting things in order and self-defense
D．adapting to the environment and self-panning.
70．It can be concluded form the passage that__________.
A．the United States is a good place for children’s all-round development
B．a perfect family is beneficial to children’s all-round development
C．children in institutional care can hardly achieve anything great
D．nothing has been done to help children in institutional care

None of our early ancestors could digest milk as adults because their bodies never had to ----milk drinking simply wasn’t an option. As people began to extract milk from animals, though, some people developed the ability to keep drinking it throughout their lives.
Scientists now know of a milk-related mutation ( 变异) in our genes -- the chemical instructions for life that we carry in almost every cell in our bodies. People who have a mutated form of one particular gene can drink milk just fine. People without the mutation tend to get sick from milk.
To figure out where, and possibly why, milk drinking started, some scientists have been looking at who has the milk-digesting mutation today. Patterns are striking.
Most adults in Northern and Central Europe are able to digest milk -- and they do. Cheese and butter and other dairy products are popular in countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and England. Because European settlers dominated North America, most people here can handle milk just fine, as well. That may explain why ice cream is such a popular dessert in the United States.
In much of Africa, Asia and South America, on the other hand, people tend to avoid dairy products because they lead to diarrhea (腹泻) and other stomach problems. (That’s why you won’t typically find cheese on the menu at a Chinese, Japanese or Ethiopian restaurant.) Native
Americans are also unable to digest milk.
Based on these genetic patterns, scientists have long thought that- milk drinking started inNorthern Europe, where dairy is an institution and the milk-digesting mutation is everywhere.
A recent study painted a different picture. With a computer medal, Thomas and colleagues looked at the spread of the milk-drinking mutation, farming and other related factor. Working backward, the scientists concluded that the first milk-thinkers lived in Central Europe around what’s now Hungary about 7,500 years ago. The practice didn't start farther north, as scientists had thought before.
66. Which of the following is the proper order of events according to the passage?
a. Their children were able to digest milk as adults.
b. They got sick from the milk.
c. Some people got a mutation in their genes.
d. Some people tried drinking milk from animals.
e. Some people started to drink milk from animals on a regular basis.
A. c→d→b→e→a   B. d→e→b→c→a  C. d →b→e→c→a   D. e→d→b→c→a
67. Most people in the USA can digest milk because __________.
A. they have strong stomachs              B. their ancestors were Europeans
C. that’s where milk drinking stinted       D. farmers raise a lot of cows there
68. Which of the following is LEAST likely to appear on the menu in a Japanese restaurant?
A. Butter.          B. Vinegar.          C. Fish.               D. Beef.
69. Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with?
A. Milk drinking first started in Northern Europe.
B. Milk drinking first started in Central Europe.
C. North American Indians were able to digest milk.
D. Dairy products are very popular in North Korea.
70. The main focus of the scientists' research was ______________.
A. mutation of human genes               B. development of the human stomach
C. why milk drinking started              D. where milk drinking first started