By the 10 century, Old English __________ the official language of English.

A. has become B. became

C. had become D. would become

The volunteers kept their hands in hot water __________ they could no longer tolerate the pain.

A. unless B. until

C. when D. after

Summer has finally arrived, which means kids are bound for the outdoors. It can be exciting for kids and parents to have a great opportunity to go swimming, picnicking or on adventures. This time of year is also a dangerous time of year as almost half of all injury-related deaths in children occur between May and August. Whether it be in the pool, on bike, out in the sun or in the backyard is always important. Here are some tips to keep the family safe over the summer.

Water Safety

At this time of year, drowning deaths among children skyrocket（飞涨） compared to the rest of the year. Never leave your child alone in the water, even in shallow water. A child can drown in as little as one inch of water. Enroll your children in swimming lessons. Some swim schools offer class for children as young as 6 months.

Sun Safety

We are fortunate enough to live in the Sunshine State, where sun shines year-round. But with all the time you and the kids will be spending outdoors this summer, it’s important to protect yourself. Make sure to use a widely-used sunscreen(防晒霜) that blocks both UVA and UVB sunlight. Cotton clothing has an estimated SPF of only 6, so even if your kids are going out wearing T-shirts and shorts, make sure they are covered up.

Bike Safety

Nothing says summer like a nice neighborhood bike ride. But bikes are not toys and can certainly cause injury. Don’t forget to always wear a helmet. Head injuries are reduced by 85 Percent when riders wear a helmet and other safety equipment like knee and wrist pads. It’s estimated that 75 percent of bicycle-related deaths could have been prevented with bicycle helmets. When riding on the street, make sure kids understand all riding hand signals, ride with the traffic flow and stay as far right as possible.

1.Summer is called a dangerous time because children .

A. are easily injured

B. enjoy staying in the sun

C. want to learn swimming

D. refuse to accept advice

2.What can be learned from the passage?

A. Kids only need to wear T-shirts and shorts.

B. Bikes, like toys, seldom lead to injury.

C. Some swim schools offer children class for free.

D. Deaths from drowning increase suddenly in summer.

Babies should be given peanut early - some at four months old - in order to reduce the risk of allergy（过敏）, according to new US guidance.

Studies have shown the risk of peanut allergy can be cut by more than 80% by early exposure（接触）. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases said the new guidance was "an important step forward".

However, young children should not eat whole peanuts, because of the risk of choking.

Allergy levels are soaring in the US and have more than quadrupled since 2008. It is a pattern replicated across much of the Western world as well as parts of Asia and Africa. Parents are often wary about introducing peanut and in the past have been advised to wait until the child is three years old.

According to the new guidelines, children with other allergies or severe eczema should start on peanut-containing foods at between four and six months old, with medical supervision(监管). Babies with mild eczema should have peanut-containing food at about six months old. Those with no eczema or allergies can have peanut-containing food freely introduced.

Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, said: "We expect that widespread implementation of these guidelines by healthcare providers will prevent the development of peanut allergy in many susceptible children and ultimately reduce the prevalence of peanut allergy in the United States."

Michael Walker, a member of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, said: "The guidelines are based on sound medical research carried out in the UK. UK parents should consult their GP, bringing attention to the guidelines if necessary, before attempting peanut allergy prevention in their infant themselves."

Professor Alan Boobis, from Imperial College London, said: "The previous(之前的) view that delaying（延迟） the introduction of allergenic foods decreases the risk of food allergy is incorrect and... if anything, the exclusion（除去） or delayed introduction of specific allergenic foods may increase the risk of allergy to the same foods, including peanut."

1.The new US guidance may agree that _________ .

A. children can have peanut-containing food freely

B. parents can feed kids peanut until they are three

C. early exposure to peanut can reduce peanut allergy

D. young children should not eat whole peanut to avoid allergy

2.The underlined word in Paragraph 6 means __________ .

A. easily influenced

B. seriously disabled

C. mentally healthy

D. terribly tired

3.What can we learn from Michael Walker?

A. The use of the guidelines should be limited in the UK.

B. The guidelines are scientific and thus can be trusted.

C. Parents should do peanut allergy prevention themselves.

D. Many doctors in the UK don’t agree with the guidelines.

4.What might be the author’s purpose of writing this passage?

A. To warm parents of the possible danger peanut may bring.

B. To recommend delaying the introduction of allergenic foods.

C. To compare two different scientific research on peanut allergy.

D. To introduce a new way of reducing the risk of peanut allergy.

When people today talk about a tiny house, they probably mean the trendy living space that‘s about the size of a shed (棚). But you would have to be five inches tall to live in the original tiny houses. Dollhouse(小房子)，which have been around for several centuries, don’t offer shelter to real people, but they provide a vivid（生动的） experience of life in times and places both real and imaginary.

The National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., lets visitors time travel in this tiny world through ―Small Stories: At Home in a Dollhouse,” an exhibit that opened Saturday. Visitors can see twelve dollhouses from the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, England, which contain amazing tiny furnishings. But those people who put together the exhibit also wanted visitors to know the characters inside.

“It’s 300 years of British homes told through their inhabitants (居民),” said Alice Sage, who is in charge of the London museum.

So as visitors look inside the Tate Baby House, a fancy townhouse from 1760, they can push a button to hear a young woman get a lecture from her mother on the proper way to run a home. In the Killer Cabinet house, a servant named Betsy complains about the problems of city life in the 1830s. “We’ve got the cat to keep the rats away,” she says.

That dollhouse was John Killer‘s gift to his wife and five daughters. The girls were allowed to play with the house, but they probably also learned a few lessons, Sage said.

“The kitchen of the house would have been the perfect way to teach the girls about the management of a home,” she said, noting the tiny dishes and pots.

Those who prefer a more modern look won't be disappointed. There are two rooms displaying a white dollhouse from 1935, an apartment house from the 1960s and a brightly colored 21st-century design.

The end of the exhibit shows how imaginative design sometimes works best in small spaces.

The Building Museum asked twenty-four artists, designers and architects from across the United States to each create a “dream room” from the past, present or future. Some of these unique small rooms were made using traditional furnishings, others from materials such as clay, insects, 3D-printing, and even peeps marshmallow candies!

1.Which of the following were on show Saturday?

A. A dozen dollhouses from England.

B. Some old shelters for poor people.

C. Some imaginary tiny furnishings.

D. A couple of fashionable living spaces.

2.What is the function of the characters inside the Museum?

A. Working as organizers of the exhibit.

B. Making the exhibit more attractive.

C. Providing good services for visitors.

D. Helping visitors understand dollhouses.

3.What can we learn about the Killer Cabinet house?

A. It was made up of 24 tiny rooms.

B. Its kitchen may have an educational purpose.

C. Its history dates back to the 17th century.

D. It was owned by a woman named Betsy.

4.What might be the best title of the passage?

A. An exhibit of dollhouses.

B. The history of dollhouses.

C. How to make a dollhouse.

D. Amazing tiny furniture.

Last summer, after 16 years in the United States, I traveled to the city in Russia where I grew up. I was the first in my family to return after all those years. My mom gave me a hand-drawn map showing the location of my grandfather’s tomb at the local cemetery(公墓), and she asked me to visit it.

It was really important to her that I go there. My grandfather died when I was little, and she wanted me to remember him. He was still very much alive in her mind, and she wanted him to continue to live in my mind as well.

So I promised that the first thing I’d do when I arrived would be to visit the cemetery. However, I got caught up in work, and I had a lot of catching up to do with my childhood friends. It wasn’t until a day before I was leaving that I found time to go to the cemetery.

It was late in the afternoon, and right by the entrance was a lady who was selling flowers. By then she had only seven carnations left in her bucket. I bought them all, but when I reached for my wallet, I realized I didn’t have the map with me. I had no idea what had happened to that map. And I had no idea where my grandfather’s tomb was located.

I could call my mom and ask her. But the problem was that I had already told her I’d gone to the cemetery. What was I going to say?

I found the main office. Fortunately it was open, and inside was a small office. Behind the counter was an old woman, and she said she’d help me locate my grandfather’s records.

A couple of minutes later, she came back with a printout. It turned out there were 17 Abraham Pikarskis on the list. I chose the two whose age I believed closely matched my grandfather’s.

I set off to look for them. I hoped that at least one would have a portrait（肖像） on the tombstone. This way I’d know which tomb was mine.

I found the first tomb and it said Abraham Pikarski on it, but there was no portrait. Only an inscription (碑铭) : From the Loving Wife and Children.

I had no idea whether this was the right one, so I went off to look for the other one. I found it, too, and it was virtually indistinguishable from the first one. It said Abraham Pikarski, no portrait. The inscription was slightly different. It said: From the Grieving（伤心的） Family.

I had no idea what to do. Was my family the loving one or the grieving one? I was standing there waiting, thinking maybe some sort of special feeling would come to me. Maybe I’d feel some sort of close relationship with the person who was lying there.

I put three carnations on that tomb, and I went back to the first one. I stood there, too, for a while, and again I was hoping that I’d feel something special. But it was getting late, and I had to pack for the trip back to New York, so I put three carnations on this tomb.

I stood there with the last flower in my hand. Which Abraham Pikarski should it go to? Should I just throw it away? I had to come up with some sort of a solution.

Then, suddenly, I knew what to do. I put that flower on that same tomb where I was standing. I thought if this is really my grandfather who is lying there, then all is good, and he got the most. But if not, then let this be kind of comfort to the stranger, because somebody else’s grandson came all the way from America to pay his respects.

I went back to the hotel and flew home to New York the next day. I never found that map again.

Mom and Dad picked me up at the airport. On the way home from the airport, my mom started crying, “I’m so happy that you took the time to visit your grandfather’s tomb. It really means so much to me. You know when you called and told me you went there, I thought you were just saying it to make me feel good.”

When I was still in the air this morning, her cousin who lives in Russia had called and told my mother that she had just come from the cemetery and had seen my flowers there. So my mom knew that I had really done this.

Should I ask her how many flowers her cousin saw? Three or four?

But then I decided that maybe I should not say anything at all.

1.Why did the author visited his grandfather’s tomb just before he returned to America?

A. Because he was occupied with many other things.

B. Because he lost the map his mother drew for him.

C. Because he wasn’t well familiar with the cemetery.

D. Because he didn’t have affection for his grandfather.

2.Why didn’t the author turn to his mother when he couldn’t find the map?

A. He was able to locate grandfather’s tomb.

B. He couldn’t make up a reasonable excuse.

C. He intended to recover the map by himself.

D. He was unwilling to be thought to lie.

3.The author chose the two tombs out of the 17 according to ________.

A. their portrait

B. their age

C. their inscription

D. their location

4.Why did the author’s mother cry on the way home?

A. She kept grandfather in mind.

B. The author showed respect to a stranger.

C. The author kept his promise.

D. Her cousin found the flowers.

5.We can infer from the last two paragraphs that ________.

A. he was ashamed of having telling a lie to his mother

B. he was content to have presented the followers to a stranger

C. he got to know which tomb was his grandfather’s in the end

D. he thought there was no need to figure out the location of the tomb

随着人们的生活水平越来越高，有不少人忽视了体育锻炼。你班学生就这一话题组织了一次班级讨论， 请对以下列举的体育锻炼的好处进行补充，并说说自己所喜爱的运动项目。

【写作要求】

1.作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；

2.不必写标题；

3.词数150左右。

【评分标准】

内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。

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The Kentucky Derby is a horse race held annually in Louisville, Kentucky, United States on the first Saturday in May. Here are some helpful suggestions for your first trip to the Kentucky Derby!

Fashion vs. Comfort

In many ways, the Kentucky Derby is the world’s largest and most entertaining fashion show, with impressive hats and clothes! You’ll be on your feet and walking a lot, so pack a pair of comfortable shoes to change into during the day.

Your Tickets

You MUST have your tickets in order to get through the gates. Please note that the only place that has official permission to buy and resell Kentucky Derby tickets is the Kentucky Derby Ticket Exchange. Law enforcement officials will be on site to prevent people from selling tickets at a much higher price.

If you have questions about your tickets in advance of the Derby, please call Churchill Downs customer service at 502-636-4400.

Finding Help

With over 14,000 employees throughout the track on Derby day, you aren’t too far from someone who can help. If you can’t find an employee to help you, please text the word HORSE to 69050 and you will be placed in touch with Guest Services.

Safety & Security

For the safety of all our guests, your bag may be searched by security. A number of items are forbidden from entering the facility(场所).

For security and crowd control reasons, you can’t enter the facility again after you get out. This means that you will not be able to go outside the gates to fetch items from your car once you have passed through security. Please be sure to bring everything you need.

1.What is the dressing tip?

A. Dress in popular sports clothes.

B. Bring several sets of clothes to change into.

C. Prepare a pair of comfortable shoes.

D. Put on a hat to provide protection from the sun.

2.What should you do if you want to resell your ticket?

A. Call Churchill Downs customer service.

B. Consult law enforcement officials.

C. Find a buyer by yourself.

D. Go to the Kentucky Derby Ticket Exchange.

3.What can we learn from Safety & Security?

A. You can’t enter the facility after the game begins.

B. You are not permitted to re-enter the facility.

C. You can bring whatever you need into the facility.

D. Your car needs to be examined by security.

In the early morning, I head for the back door and find 10 inches of snow covering our home. Oh no, Bryan will have to clear the roof again, I think. But Rio rolls onto his back, playing in the white snow and kicking his back legs, delighted. His days in an animal shelter in New Mexico are long forgotten—he’s wholeheartedly enjoyed life as a Colorado dog.

Rio needs a walk. I’ve planned to attend an emergent webinar, but my husband is busy clearing. Rio pushes my leg with his snout(口鼻部), wondering why we are still inside. We’re late for our morning hike. I pull on my boots reluctantly. I don’t have time for this!

Rio and I walk a block through our neighborhood to the beginning of a road. Rio jumps happily into the snow, which is up to his neck. But I walk slowly with heavy steps, worrying about my to-do list, and I don’t notice the world around me until Rio starts barking.

A squirrel (松鼠) chitters at him from a high branch of a pine tree. We haven’t seen a squirrel in at least a week because of all the snow storms, so this is a treat for us.

Once again, my animal teacher is reminding me to enjoy the present moment, and I’m grateful. I take a deep breath and look around. Suddenly there is an explosion(爆炸) of snow. a nearby tree has released its heavy burden, snapping(迅速恢复) back upright. Silver snowflakes(雪花) dust the air around me as a group of birds flees the area, talking to one another as they fly overhead.

I watch and listen in wonder for what seems like a full minute. There will be 1440 munites on this day, but this is the one I’ll remember most. Then I look back to the earth and there is my sweet dog, waiting patiently for a treat. He knows I’ll want to celebrate this moment we’ve just shared. “I love you, Rio!” I say as I give him a cookie. He has trained me well!

When we walk home, I smile broadly, spirit washed clean, ready for whatever the day may bring.

1.The underlined word “reluctantly” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by “_____”.

A. quickly B. unwillingly

C. excitedly D. unnecessarily

2.How is the author at the beginning of the walk?

A. She feels very relaxed. B. She is worrying about Rio.

C. She is still angry with Bryan. D. She feels very frustrated.

3.What does the author learn from Rio?

A. No pains, no gains. B. Nothing is impossible.

C. Live in the moment. D. Troubles never come alone.

4.Which can be the best title for the text?

A. Lifted by a walk in fallen snow. B. How I train my dog.

C. A busy day with Rio. D. Dogs in animal shelters.

Food serves as a form of communication in two basic ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a special meaning, and play an important role in a family or culture’s celebrations or traditions. The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(郊区的) and urban(市区的) areas within one country.

Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.

Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread stand for blocks of gold for prosperity(兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies(预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.

Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.

Nutrition(营养) is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.

1.According to the passage, sharing food _______.

A. indicates a lack of food.

B. has its roots in birthday celebration.

C. is a custom unique to rural areas.

D. can help to develop unity and trust.

2.What does the coin in vasilopita signify for its receiver in the New Year?

A. Success B. Trust

C. Health D. Togetherness

3.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by _______.

A. making comparisons B. analyzing causes

C. using examples D. describing processes

4.What is the passage mainly about?

A. The custom of sharing food.

B. The importance of food in different cultures.

C. The specific meaning of food.

D. The role of food in ceremonies.