8．The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of t——青夏教育精英家教网—

8．The practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past．With the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphone，writing by hand has become something of nostalgic （怀旧的）skill．However，while today's educators are using more and more technology in their teaching，many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful---both in school and in life．
Virginia Berninger，professor of educational psychology at the University of Washington，says it's important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire（获得，学得） the skill of writing by hand．
Berninger and her colleagues carried out a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks---both on a computer and by hand．The study，published in 2009，found that when writing with a pen and paper，participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate．
In a more recent study，Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a student's writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write．"Spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary，word meaning and concepts．It is allowing our written language to connect with ideas．"Berninger said．
Spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe（转换）"those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen，"the study said．Seeing the words in the "mind's eye" helps children not only to turn their ideas into words，says Berninger，but also to spot（发现） spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time．
"In our computer age，some people believe that we don't have to teach spelling because we have spell checks，"she said．"But until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level，they won't have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer．"
25．Berninger's study published in 2009D．
A．showed that students prefer to write with a pen and paper．
B．discussed the importance of writing speed．
C．found that good essas are made up of long sentences．
D．focused on the difference between writing by hand and on a computer．
26．Which of the following best shows the role of spelling？C
A．Spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas．
B．Spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas．
C．Spelling ability is closely related to writing ability．
D．Spelling improves one's memory of words．
27．What does"mind's eye"in paragraph 5mean？A
A．Imagination（想象）．
B．Soul（灵魂）．
C．Window．
D．Picture．
28．What conclusion could be drawn from thepassage？B
A．Spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching．
B．Handwriting still has a place in today's classrooms．
C．Computers can help people with their choice of words．
D．Functional spelling ability dvelops fast in the fifth gade．

	A．	Judged； invited		B．	Judging； being invited
	C．	Judged； to be invited		D．	Judging； invited

3．The right to vote is one of the most fundamental rights of any democracy．Yet，for too long，too many of our fellow citizens were denied that right simply because of the color of their skin．
Fifty years ago this week，President Lyndon Johnson signed a law to change that．The Voting Rights Act broke down legal barriers that stood between millions of African Americans and their constitutional right to cast ballot（投票）．It was，and still is，one of the greatest victories in our country's struggle for civil rights．But it didn't happen overnight．Countless men and women marched and organized，sat in and stood up，for our most basic rights．For this，they were called agitators（挑拨者） and un-American； they were jailed and beaten．Some were even killed．But in the end，they reaffirmed the idea at the very heart of America：that people who love this country can change it．
Our country is a better place because of all those heroes did for us．But as one of those heroes，Congressman John Lewis，reminded us in Selma this past March，"There's still work to be done．"Fifty years after the Voting Rights Act，there are still too many barriers to vote，and too many people trying to erect（建立） new ones．We've seen laws that roll back early voting，force people to jump through hoops to cast a ballot or lead to legitimate （合法的） voters being improperly purged from the rolls．Over the years，we have seen provisions （规定） specifically designed to make it harder for some of our fellow citizens to vote．In a democracy like ours，with a history like ours，that's a disgrace．That's why，as we celebrate the 50^th Anniversary of the Voting Rights Act，I'm calling on Congress to pass new legislation to make sure every American has equal access to the polls．
It's why I support the organizers getting folks registered in their communities．And it's why，no matter what party you support，my message to every American is simple：get out there and vote-not just every four years，but every chance you get，because your elected officials will only heed（留心） your voice if you make your voice heard．The promise that all of us are created equal is written into our founding documents but it's up to us to make that promise real．Together，let's do what Americans have always done：Let's keep marching forward，keep perfecting our union，and keep building a better country for our kids．
[From Obama Weekly Address Aug 8^th，2015]
56．Many Americans were denied the right to vote simply becauseD．
A．they were unwilling to go out and vote
B．they were agitators and un-American
C．too many people tried to erect new barriers
D．the color of their skin was different
57．What message does President Barack Obama want to convey in this speech？C
A．The President underlined that all people are created equal．
B．The President celebrated the 50th Anniversary of the Voting Rights Act．
C．The President reaffirmed the commitment to protecting the right to vote．
D．The President called on everyone to seize every chance to elect officials．

2．That is the very novel aboutwhichwe've talked so much．

1．下列四幅图描述了李华一家某一天的经历．请根据画面及图中的有关提示，用第三人称的口吻写一篇词数100个左右的短文．注意：可以适当增加细节，并展开合理的想象，使故事完整连贯．

20．I love sleeping．It's something I'm good at．There's nothing better than nodding off on the sofa in front of the TV and when my head hits the pillow at night，I have no problem falling into a deep sleep within minutes．There is one place where I never nap（打盹） and that's work-but new research suggests I should!
The idea of you and your colleagues（同事） heading off for a lie-down in the afternoon may seem strange，but some companies such as Google and Facebook actually encourage it．Because it's thought that a power-nap makes them more refreshed and more focused，and this in turn makes them more productive．
An Australian health writer called Victoria is a founder of a campaign called Nap Now which is trying to make sleeping at work more acceptable．She calls herself a"naptivist"!She says："I think that our culture is a bit crazy not to accept it．It's time to end the common work principle which is all about working longer and harder．"
So should we all take a sleeping bag and pillow to work with us？A few years ago，research by the East of England Development Agency found 30% of people have their best ideas in bed compared to just 11% who have them at their desks．That suggests people are more creative when they are relaxed and the agency has called for companies to put beds in the workplace．
A nap in the afternoon is nothing new．In certain hot countries，such as Spain，a short rest or sleep in the afternoon，called a siesta，is quite normal．So maybe we should break from the traditional nine-to-five work culture and take a siesta．The UK's Sleep Council claims（声称） the nine-to-five working day does not fit into the natural sleeping pattern of the human race and says that bosses need to introduce a more friendly working day for sleep．
32．Why are the employees of Google allowed to nap in the workplace？A
A．They are expected to work better．
B．They can't focus their attention on the work．
C．They support the Nap Now campaign．
D．They have difficulty falling asleep at night．
33．The underlined word"naptivist"in Paragraph 3probably refers to someone whoB．
A．takes no nap at work
B．enjoys napping at work
C．studies sleeping at work
D．fights against working long hours
34．According to the passage，what can we learn about siesta？D
A．It is a newly introduced pattern．
B．It has been taken up in Finland．
C．It is sort of traditional work culture．
D．It fits into the natural sleeping pattern．
35．What is the author's main purpose of writing the passage？D
A．To explain how to nap at work．
B．To show how the new study was carried out．
C．To tell us the importance of sleeping at work．
D．To call for the more friendly work culture for sleep．

19．In 1769，William Smith was born in a little town in Oxfordshire，England．He received basic village schooling but mostly he wandered on his uncle's farm collecting the fossils（化石） in the rocks of the Cotswold hills．When he grew older，Smith learned surveying from books and at 18he learned from a local surveyor．He then began to teach himself geology （地质学）．
When he was 24，he went to work for the company that was digging the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England．This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh strata（地层） created by the newly dug canal．He later worked on similar jobs across England all the while studying strata and collecting all the fossils he could find．Smith used mail coaches to travel 10，000miles per year．In 1815he published the first modern geological map A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland．
In 1831when Smith was recognized by the Geological Society of London as the"father of English geology"，it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important．People had hoped strata could be used to calculate（计算出） geological time，but scientists found the sequences（顺序） of rocks sometimes differed from area to area and that no rock type was ever going to become a dependable time marker．Even without the problem of regional differences，rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers．Quartz（石英） is quartz； there's no difference between two-million-year-old quartz and quartz created over 500million years ago．
As he collected fossils from strata，Smith noticed the fossils told a different story from the rocks．Particularly in the younger strata，the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing（区别） the strata，but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart．Some fossils appear in many strata，but others occur only in a few strata，and a few species had their births and extinctions（灭绝） within one particular strata．Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history．
28．What do we know about young Smith？B
A．He spent most of his time reading．
B．He showed much interest in geology．
C．He learned surveying just by himself．
D．He received a very good formal education．
29．Which can be used to describe Smith according to Paragraph 2？D
A．Adventurous and brave．
B．Talented and productive．
C．Warm-hearted and honest．
D．Hard-working and devoted．
30．The author mentions quartz to show thatA．
A．no rock can be a reliable time marker
B．no quartz can be found in recent times
C．quartz can fell people rocks，geological time
D．the sequences of rocks differ from area to area
31．Which of the following is Smith's greatest achievement？B
A．He drew many maps of strata．
B．He used fossils to identify strata．
C．He built a lot of canals in England．
D．He was the creator of modern geology．

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