7．Where do you keep ice?In the freezer.of course．That's what scientists might have thought when they——青夏教育精英家教网—

7．Where do you keep ice？In the freezer，of course．That's what scientists might have thought when they were looking for a safe place to store ice from mountain glaciers from around the world．They've decided to store ice in Antarctica because global warming is causing some of the glaciers in places like the Alps to melt．
Jerome Chappellaz of the French National Centre for Scientific Research is involved in creating an ice vault （地下室） there．He says："We are probably the only scientific community whose sample （样本） is in danger of disappearing from the face of the planet．If you work on rocks or on tree rings，the raw material is still here and will be for many centuries．"
And why do scientists need to study ice from the Alps，for example？Ice formed on the top of a mountain is made of snow accumulated over thousands of years．Trapped air bubbles （气泡） contain samples of the atmosphere that existed when that ice was formed．Ice is a record of climate．By examining ice，we know carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is higher now than in the last three million years．Researchers use this kind of data to build computer models and try to predict what might happen in the future．
The ice vault will be housed in a snow cave at the Concordia Research Station，which is operated by scientists from France and Italy．The ice samples will be sealed in bags and placed 10meters below the surface，at a constant temperature of-50℃．This will put the scientists'minds at rest．Losing the ice samples would be a disaster，and nobody wants to see a mine of scientific knowledge lost forever in a giant pool．
32．What makes Antarctica a safe place to store ice？B
A．Its large mountains．
B．Its function as a freezer．
C．The abundant ice samples there．
D．The absence of global warming．
33．Jerome compares ice with rocks and tree rings to state thatA．
A．it's necessary to store ice
B．it's more valuable to study ice
C．ice disappears very quickly
D．ice should be stored at home
34．What is the researchers'purpose of studying ice？A
A．To learn about climate．
B．To learn about the Alps．
C．To trap air bubbles．
D．To reduce carbon dioxide．
35．What do scientists think of storing ice in Antarctica？D
A．They consider it an easy job．
B．They're not optimistic about it．
C．They think it will cause disasters．
D．They think it's a reliable way．

6．Would you eat a ready meal from the fridge rather than cook from scratch？Have you been doing Internet shopping rather than going to the stores？What can't you be bothered to do？
A study into how lazy British people are has found more than half of adults are so lazy that they'd use the lift rather than climb two flights of stairs．
Just over 2，000people were interviewed by independent researchers at Nuffield Health，Britain's largest health charity．The results were surprising．
About one in six people surveyed said if their remote control was broken，they would continue watching the same channel rather than get up．
More than one third of those questioned said they would not run to catch a bus．Worryingly，of the 654respondents with children，64% said they were often too tired to play with them．
This led the report to conclude that it's no wonder that one in six children in the UK are classified as obese（肥胖） before they start school．Dr．Sarah Dauncey，medical director of Nuffield Health，said，"People need to get fitter，not just for their own sake，but for the sake of their families，friends and evidently their pets too．If we don't start to take control of this problem，a whole generation will become too unfit to perform even the simple tasks．"
And Scotland's largest city，Glasgow，was shamed as the most indolent city in the UK，with 75% surveyed admitting they do not get enough exercise，followed closely by Birmingham and Southampton，both with 67%．
The results pose serious challenges for the National Health Service，where obesity related illnesses such as heart disease and cancer have been on a steady increase for the past 40years and are costing billions of pounds every year．
24．What do lazy British people probably choose to do？B
A．Go to stores．
B．Catch the lift．
C．Cook from scratch．
D．Climb flights of stairs．
25．How many people surveyed don't play with children because of tiredness？B
A．About 333．
B．About 419．
C．About 654．
D．About 1280．
26．What is the potential result of more and more people，including children，getting obese？C
A．People will not get enough exercise．
B．People will not have enough money．
C．People will not be able to do the easy job．
D．People will not cure themselves of heart disease．
27．What is the author's attitude towards the finding of the study？D
A．Indifferent．
B．Doubtful．
C．Negative．
D．Supportive．

5．Should ecigarettes （electronic cigarettes） be a new choice for the smokers trying to get rid of the habit？Reactions from Americans are mixed．More than half of the people questioned in a survey think ecigarettes should be controlled by the US Food and Drug Administration，but 47percent believe the ecigarettes should be available to the smokers who want to quit．
"In the hunt for a safer cigarette，ecigarettes are becoming a popular choice among those either trying to quit or looking to replace standard tobacco smoke with an alternative that manufacturers claim to be safer"Zogby International，which conducted the survey，said in a statement．
About half of the 4，611adults who took part in the survey had heard about ecigarettes，which are batterypowered，or rechargeable cigarettes that vaporize a liquid nicotine solution．They do not produce smoke but a water vapor without smell．Sold mostly on the Internet，ecigarettes were first made in China．
Last year the World Health Organization （WHO） warned against using ecigarettes，saying there was no evidence to prove they were safe or helped smokers break the habit．The WHO said people who smoke ecigarettes breathe in a fine fog of nicotine into the lungs．
Nearly a third of people questioned in the survey think that ecigarettes should be allowed in places where smoking is forbidden，because they don't produce smoke，but 46percent disagree．Men who were aware of the availability of ecigarettes were more likely than women to say they should be a choice available to smokers who want to quit．Young people，aged 18-29，and singles were the groups most open to trying ecigarettes．Smoking is the single largest cause of preventable death worldwide，according to the WHO．
29．What can we learn from Paragraph 1？B
A．American smokers ought to try ecigarettes．
B．Americans have different opinions about ecigarettes．
C．Every kind of cigarettes should be forbidden in America．
D．Most of the Americans don't like ecigarettes．
30．According to Zogby International，ecigarettesD．
A．are much safer than common cigarettes   　　
B．are produced in a safer way by manufacturers
C．will take the place of traditional cigarettes
D．are popular among people who want to quit smoking
31．What's the attitude of the WHO towards ecigarettes？D
A．Indifferent  　　
B．Supportive       　　
C．Doubtful     　　　
D．Negative．

4．There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence．The first is the sort of brain he is born with．Human brains differ considerably，some being more capable than others．But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with，an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn．So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared．If an individual is handicapped environmentally，it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable．
The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins，Peter and Mark X．Being identical，the twins had identical brains at birth，and their growth processes were the same．When the twins were three months old，their parents died，and they were placed in separate foster homes．Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities．Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college．He was read to as a child，sent to good schools，and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually．This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens，when they were given tests to measure their intelligence．Mark's I．Q．was 125，twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother．Given equal opportunities，the twins，having identical brains，would have tested at roughly the same level．
30．A person's intelligenceD
A．stays unchanged in a certain environment．
B．develops with the change of environment
C is born at the same level as anyone else's．
D．is affected by the environment as well as the sort of brain he is born with
31．What is meant by"he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable．"？B
A He will never fail to develop his intelligence
B．He won't become so intelligent as he should
C．He is able to reach a high level of intelligence
D．It is impossible for him to develop intelligence
32．Which of the following statements is true concerning the twins？D
A．The sorts of brain they are born with differ greatly
B．They set up an example for studying the environment
C．They became orphans once they were born
D．They were adopted boys
33．According to the text，the environment in which the twins were reared differs in the following aspects exceptC．
A．intelligence level of the parents．
B．family economic status．
C．the age of their parents．
D．community surroundings．

3．When people ask me why I'm so negative，I always tell them I'm simply looking out for my best interests and everyone else's．But negativity gets a bad reputation．Everywhere you look，someone's talking about the power of positive thinking．
My life is good and I contribute it to imagining the worse and then being pleasantly surprised when the worst doesn't happen．Last week，I read about a report out of the Netherlands suggesting this outlook increases my chances of dying from heart disease．
This news might have moved me to change my ways，but then I saw an article about some new data from Denmark．Over the last three decades，Danes have been shown to have higher rates of"life satisfaction"than any other Western country．Their key to contentment？Low expectations．
As the article explained，Danes know they don't come from the largest，blondest or most temperate nation on the earth．They don't expect to be the winners of any game．So when good things happen，they are that much happier．
This is the philosophy I've been living for years．It's why I go to every party expecting to have a miserable time and leave for every vacation thinking it will rain．These things rarely happen，so every time things don't turn out so bad，I'm relieved and joyful．That's the power of negative thinking．
I strongly doubt if there is a sense of contentment being too positive，especially when expectation gets confused with hope．Americans seem unable to separate these ideas．Our entire belief is wrapped up in the myth of turning dreams into reality，of constantly reaching for higher goals，of never settling．Obviously，this can-do spirit turned us into the most powerful nation in the world．But I've always thought we would get better results with a belief like"the pursuit of contentment"．
It is interesting how it sounds strange that people often hope to get the best，while making preparations for the worst"．But that's the problem with positive thinking．Because it ignores satisfaction，which is really desirable，and runs after high expectations，which are less likely to be achieved．So let's stop being so optimistic．
29．What is the main reason why Danes have higher rates of"life satisfaction"？D
A．Danes live a rich life．
B． Danes have few social problems．
C． Danes are very optimistic．
D． Danes don't expect too much．
30．What does"this outlook"in the 2nd paragraph refer to？B
A． Positive thinking．
B． Negative thinking
C． Setting a high goal．
D． Imaging a bright future．
31．Where does the writer come from？C
A． The Netherlands
B． Denmark
C． The U．S．A．
D． Japan．

2．With only about 1，000pandas left in the world，China is desperately trying to clone （克隆） the animal and save the endangered species（物种）．That's a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called"Noah's Ark"．
Noah's Ark is aimed at collecting eggs，embryos（胚胎），semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen（氮）．If certain species should become extinct，Dr．Duane Kraemar，a professor in Texas A&M University Medicine，says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future．
It is estimated that as many as 2，000species of mammals，birds reptiles will become extinct in over 100years．The panda，native only to China，is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25years．
This week，Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit．They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal．
The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete．
"The nuclear transfer（核子移植） of one species to another is not easy，and the lack of available（capable of being used） panda eggs could be a major problem，"Kraemer believes．"They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy （having a baby）．It takes a long time and it's difficult，but this could be groundbreaking science if it works．They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk，so it is worth the effort，"adds Kraemer，who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A & M，the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog．
"They are trying to do something that's never been done，and this is very similar to our work in Noah's Ark．We're both trying to save animals that face extinction．I certainly appreciate their effort and there's a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do．It's a research that is very much needed．"
28．The aim of"Noah's Ark"project is toB．
A．make efforts to clone the endangered pandas
B．save endangered animals from dying out
C．collect DNA of endangered animals to study
D．transfer the nuclear of one animal to another
29．The underlined word groundbreaking can be interpreted asB．
A．especially new
B．pioneering
C．damaging
D．trouble-making
30．The best title for the passage may beC．
A．China's Success in Panda Cloning
B．The First Cloned Panda in the World
C．Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas
D．China---the Native Place of Pandas Forever
31．From the passage we know thatD．
A．Kraemer and his team have succeeded in cloning a dog
B．scientists try to implant a panda's egg into a rabbit
C．Kraemer will work with Chinese scientists in clone researches
D．about two thousand species will probably die out in a century．

1．We now think of chocolate as sweet，but once it was bitter．We think of it as a candy，but once it was a medicine．Today，chocolate can be a hot drink，a frozen dessert，or just a snack．Sometimes it's an ingredient（配料） in the main course of a meal．Mexicans make a hot chocolate sauce called"mole"and pour it over chicken．The Mexicans also eat chocolate with spices like chili peppers．
Chocolate is a product of the tropical cacao tree．The beans taste so bitter that even the monkeys say"Ugh!"and run away．Workers must first dry and then roast the beans．This removes the bitter taste．
The word"chocolate"comes from a Mayan word．The Maya was an ancient people who once lived in Mexico．They valued the cacao tree．Some used the beans for money，while others crushed them to make a drink．
When the Spaniards came to Mexico in the sixteenth century，they started drinking cacao too．Because the drink was strong and bitter，they thought it was a medicine．No one had the idea of adding sugar．The Spaniards took some beans back to Europe and opened cafes．Wealthy people drank cacao and said it was good for the digestion（消化）．
In the 1800s，the owner of a chocolate factory in England discovered that sugar removed the bitter taste of cacao．It quickly became a cheap and popular drink．Soon afterwards，a factory made the first solid block of sweetened chocolate．Later on，another factory mixed milk and chocolate together．People liked the taste of milk chocolate even better．
Besides the chocolate candy bar，one of the most popular American snacks is the chocolate chip cookie．Favorite desserts are chocolate cream pie and，of course，an ice cream sundae with hot fudge sauce．
21．It wasDthat discovered sugar could remove the bitter taste of cacao．
A．The workers in a chocolate factory
B．The Spaniards
C．Americans
D．The owner of a chocolate factory
22．According to the passage which of the following statements is true？D
A．Nobody had the idea of adding sugar until the sixteenth century．
B．The word"chocolate"comes from a Mexican word．
C．The beans taste so bitter that even the monkeys like them．
D．Workers must dry and roast the beans to remove the bitter taste．
23．The Spaniards think that cacao was a medicine becauseA
A．it was strong and bitter．
B．it was good for digestion．
C．it cured man's diseases．
D．it was a kind of drink for good health．
24．Which is the right time order of the events about chocolate？C
a．Chocolate became a cheap and popular drink in England．
b．A factory made the first solid block of sweetened chocolate．
c．The Spaniards started drinking cacao．
d．It was found that sugar removed the bitter taste of cacao．
e．A factory mixed milk and chocolate together．
A．a-b-c-d-e　
B．c-d-e-b-a　　
C．c-d-a-b-e　　
D．c-d-b-e-a．

20．Long-time exposure （暴露） to air pollution can lead to physical changes in the brain and cause trouble in learning and memory，and even anxiety．This is suggested by the results of new research on mice．
While other studies have shown the harmful effects of polluted air in the lungs and heart，this is the first to show the negative effect on the brain．
The team of Laura Fonken，Randy Nelson，from the Ohio State University，the USA，has spread to the brain a previous line of research which found that fine particulate（微粒） matter floating in the air mainly because of air pollution caused by humans，causes swelling in much of the body，and may be related to high blood pressure problems，and some other diseases．
In the research Fonken and his colleagues exposed mice to polluted air for six hours each day，five days a week，over a period of 10months，almost half the average life length of mice．
Polluted air contains fine particles created by cars，factories and natural dust．Fine particles of this kind are tiny，about 2.5micrometers in diameter（直径），or about one-thirtieth the width of a human hair．These particles can go deep into lungs and other organs．
The concentration of this particulate material to which they exposed mice is equal to the concentration at which people can be exposed in some polluted urban areas．
After a period of 10months，the researchers got the animals to have a series of behavioral tests．Both the behavior of mice and the results of neurological （神经的） tests done to them show that those within the polluted air had more problems in learning and memory，and higher levels of anxiety．
The results suggest that long-time exposure to polluted air can have measurable negative effects on the human brain and can cause a variety of mental health problems．This could have important consequences for those living and working in polluted urban areas．
28．The results of new research on mice first suggest that polluted air mainly does harm toC
A．normal organs
B．lungs and heart
C．mental health
D．blood pressure
29．What harmful effect of polluted air is mentioned in other studies？C
A．The harmful effect on learning．
B．The harmful effect on all the organs．
C．The harmful effect on lungs and heart．
D．The harmful effect on improving memory．
30．Which of the following is the best title for the passage？D
A．Long-time Exposure to Air Pollution
B．Evidence and Concern of Air Pollution
C．Measurable Effect on Human Brain
D．Mental Problems Caused by Air Pollution．

19．As I grew older，my dad and I grew further apart．We always had totally different opinions．He thought that college was a waste of time，but for me it was important to finish college．He wanted me to work my way to the top as he had done in his field，but I wanted a different life．There was a time when we did not talk with each other．
A few months ago，I heard that my 84-year-old dad was in poor health．When he called and asked whether I could move from Colorado back to Tennessee to help him，I knew he was seriously ill．I am his only child and so it was time to meet my father's requirement．
Two weeks after moving back，we bought a boat and started fishing again．Fishing was one of the few things that we did while I was young and that we both enjoyed．It is strange but true that as we are fishing we are able to put things that have kept us apart for so many years behind us．We are able to talk about things that we have never talked about before．Fishing has been healing the old wounds that have kept us apart．
It is not important how many fish we catch．It is about enjoying the relationship that we have not had for years．I'm 62and he is 84．When we are on the lake fishing，it is like enjoying life．It is far better to find a way to put the unhappy past behind．I am so lucky to spend the happy time with my father in his last years．Now my heart is filled with love．A smile always graces my lips．
21．The author and his father became further apart becauseD．
A．they lived very far from each other
B．they seldom saw each other
C．they only communicated by phone
D．they had different views on things
22．For the author，fishing with his old fatherD．
A．helps cure his father's disease         　
B．makes him realize the importance of relaxation
C．is a good way to get close to nature
D．provides a chance for them to communicate
23．Which of the following can be the best title for the text？A
A．Fishing Brings Us Together
B．Forgiving I s Difficult
C．Memories of Old Days
D．My Beloved Father．

18．Almost anyone who has read a travel brochure about Africa has heard of a story-----that elephants can get drunk by eating the fermented （发酵） marula fruit rotting （腐烂） on the ground．Books have even been written to prove the truth of the phenomenon．
But a study published in the journal Physiological and Biochemical Zoology tells a very different story．
Steve Morris，a biologist at the University of Bristol in England and an author of the study，says there is nothing in the biology of either the African elephant or the marula fruit to support the stories．Morris says，"People just want to believe in drunken elephants．"
The marula tree，a member of the same family as the mango （芒果），grows widely in Africa．Its sweet，yellow fruit is used for making jam，wine and beer．"The first mistake of the drunken-elephant theory is that it's unlikely that an elephant would eat the fruit if it were rotten，"Morris says．"Elephants eat the fruit right off the tree，not when it's rotten on the ground，"he explains．
Other experts add that if an elephant were to eat the fruit on the ground，it wouldn't wait for the fruit to ferment．Michelle Gadd，an African wildlife specialist，says that elephants and many other animals，including birds and monkeys，are too fond of marula fruit to let it rot．
If fermented fruit on the ground is out of the question，so is the concept that the fruit could ferment in the stomach of elephants，according to the study authors．Food takes between 12and 46hours to pass through an elephant's digestive（消化的） system，the authors point out，which is not enough for the fruit to ferment．
Supposing that this  happened，it's still highly improbable that the food would produce enough alcohol to make an elephant drunk．Through calculations of body weight，elephant digestion rates，and other factors，the authors conclude that it would take about 1.9litres of alcohol to make an elephant drunk．
32．We can learn from the text thatD．
A．African elephants don't like to eat marula fruit at all
B．it is not easy to find marula fruit in the wild in Africa
C．birds and monkeys in Africa like to eat rotten marula fruit
D．marula fruit can be made into food or drinks consumed by people
33．According to Paragraph 6，marula fruit probably takesC to ferment．
A．about 12hours
B．about 34hours
C．more than 46hours
D．between 12to 46hours
34．Which of the following is Mr．Morris's opinion？B
A．Elephants prefer mangoes to the marula fruit．
B．Elephants will not eat the marula fruit if it is rotten．
C．The marula tree and the mango belong to different families．
D．There are several connections between elephants and the marula fruit．
35．What does the underlined word"this"in the last paragraph probably refer to？D
A．Elephants getting drunk
B．Elephants eating rotten marula fruit
C．Elephants eating marula trees directly
D．Marula fruit fermenting in elephants'stomachs．

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