12．Like people.plants experience stress．And also.like people.the response to that stress can determi——青夏教育精英家教网—

12．Like people，plants experience stress．And also，like people，the response to that stress can determine success．
Bad environmental conditions，such as drought，flood，heat and other stresses，affect yields（产量） more than crop pests and diseases．We are trying to find a way to equip plants with the ability to tolerate environmental stress and maintain high yields，said Stephen Howell，a professor of genetics and cell biology．
Plant cells produce proteins （蛋白质） and ship them to different parts of the cell．Under normal conditions，these proteins are folded into their normal，healthy structures as they are produced．When a plant is under stress，its cells produce poorly folded or unfolded proteins．Then a built-in system senses this and"sets off an alarm in the cell，"said Howell．
In response to the alarm，another protein （IRE1）starts working and creates a different process which activates （激活） the stress response genes whose products bring about defensive measures that help the plant survive．
"As it turns out，responses that are activated under stress conditions actually inhibit the growth of plants，"said Howell．"This allows them to preserve their energy to survive the stress conditions．"
For plants in the wild，this response is a help for survival，he said．In production of agriculture crops，however，this response reduces yields．
"You don't want crop plants to stop growing，"Howell said．"You want them to continue to grow and produce even though they are under stress．"
With the new understanding of this stress response，the next step may be to silence the alarm system，said Howell．"What may be important is to disable some of these stress responses．That may make the plant more productive under stress conditions．"
28．According to the text，an alarm in the plant cells is caused byB．
A．the folded proteins
B．the changed proteins
C．the defensive measures
D．the stress response genes
29．The energy preserved in the plants under stress conditionsA．
A．helps the plants to survive
B．helps to maintain high yields
C．keeps the plants growing
D．helps to produce proteins
30．The underlined word"inhibit"in Paragraph 5can be replaced by"A"．
A．prevent
B．start　
C．continue
D．promote
31．How does Howell intend to make crop plants maintain high yields under stress conditions？C
A．By making crop plants keep more energy．
B．By making crop plants stop growing．
C．By making the alarm system stop working．
D．By making the alarm system respond quickly．

11．Where do you keep ice？In die freezer，of course．That's what scientists might have thought when they were looking for a safe place to store ice from mountain glaciers from around the world．They've decided to store ice in Antarctica because global warming is causing some of the glaciers in places like the Alps to melt．
Jerome Chappellaz of the French National Centre for Scientific Research is involved in creating an ice vault （地下室）there．He says："We are probably the only scientific community whose sample （样本） is in danger of disappearing from the face of the planet．If you work on rocks or on tree rings，the raw material is still here and will be for many centuries．"
And why do scientists need to study ice from the Alps？Ice formed on the top of a mountain is made of snow accumulated over thousands of years．Trapped air bubbles （气泡） contain samples of the atmosphere that existed when that ice was formed．Ice is a record of climate．By examining ice，we know carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is higher now than in the last three million years．Researchers use this kind of data to build computer models and try to predict what might happen in the future．
The ice vault will be housed in a snow cave at the Concordia Research Station，which is operated by scientists from France and Italy．The ice samples will be sealed in bags and placed 10meters below the surface at a constant temperature of-50*C．This will put the scientists'minds at rest．Losing the ice samples would be a disaster，and nobody wants to see a mine of scientific knowledge lost forever in a giant pool．
32．What is the researchers'purpose of studying ice？A
A．To learn about climate．
B．To learn about the Alps．
C．To trap air bubbles．
D．To reduce carbon dioxide．
33．Jerome compares ice with rocks and tree rings to state thatD．
A．ice should be stored at home
B．it's more valuable to study ice
C．ice disappears very quickly
D．it's necessary to store ice
34．What makes Antarctica a safe place to store ice？B
A．Its large mountains．
B．Its function as a freezer．
C．The abundant ice samples there．
D．The absence of global warming．
35．What do scientists think of storing ice in Antarctica？D
A．They consider it an easy job．
B．They're not optimistic about it．
C．They think it will cause disasters．
D．They think it's a reliable way．

10．Robots are being used for the first time in hospitals．"Robot-nurses"perform a variety of tasks such as delivering medicine，food and laboratory samples to sickrooms and taking away waste．Patients aren't treated by robots，as this is still done by medical staff．The idea is to employ robots to transport supplies between departments．
"Nurses often have to break off from what they are doing to gather supplies，"says Peter Seiff，who makes the robots called TUGs．Research shows any interruption in medical work can lead to errors-a nurse may forget whether she has given medicine and may give a patient double the dose （剂量） or none at all．
The robots vary in size according to what job they perform，but normally take the shape of a metal box on wheels，with a box on the side containing their software．
After being programmed，the robots are able to find their way around a hospital unassisted．They also contain scanning technology to create electronic pictures or a"memory"of routes on their hard drives to help them go through passages，doors and other obstacles．Each robot is also monitored at the producer's headquarters （总部） in case it runs into any difficulties．
Trials show TUGs reduce the time it takes for a patient to receive medicine，and stop drugs from going missing．A study at the University of Maryland Medical Centre in the U．S．found that when three TUGs were used over the course of a year，the average length of time from the drugstore receiving a prescription to the patient receiving it dropped from 74minutes to 30minutes and saved nurses 6，123hours finding medicines．It also cut the number of medicines that went missing to zero．
"The biggest complaints we receive from patients is that the nurses don't spend enough time with them．Anything that frees nurses is boon，"says Katherine Mulligan，director of nursing at the hospital，"The TUGs allow nurses to spend more time focusing on patient care．Nurse satisfaction has improved．"

24．Why do the patients complain before？D
A．The nurses often make errors．
B．The robots may interrupt the treatment．
C．The nurse often give a patient double the dose．
D．The nurses don't spend enough time with patients．
25．What can we know about the robots according to the passage？A
A．Robots can do many tasks．
B．All robots have the same size．
C．Robots are unable to find their way by themselves．
D．Robots cannot get help if they run into difficulties．
26．What is the main idea of paragraph 5？A
A．Experiments show"Robot-nurses"perform well．
B．"Robot-nurses"can save time．
C．"Robot-nurses"can cut the number of medicine．
D．"Robot-nurses"vary in size．
27．What is the attitude of the author to robot-nurses？B
A．disappointed．
B．Positive．
C．Negative．
D．disapproval．

9．Cardiovascular disease（心血管疾病） is the main cause of early death in China and many developing countries．Studies show that it kills more than 17million people around the world every year．In the next 15years that number is expected to rise to 23million．These deaths are，for the most part，preventable．
At a recent agreement signing ceremony in Washington D．C．，Douglas Boyle made a speech．He said the partnership can help people live longer and healthier lives．
The agreement between the American Heart Association and China has three main parts．It calls for increasing opportunities for researchers，health care providers and public health specialists in the U．S．to meet with those in China．The agreement also seeks the sharing of cardiovascular research．And，finally，it calls for training in China of life-saving techniques such as CPR．
CPR can restart a stopped heart．It has helped lower death rates from heart disease in the United States by 30percent．Improvements in medical science and educational campaigns about preventing heart disease also played a part．
The question is，will a by-stander in China give CPR to a complete stranger having a heart attack？
Several media reports have suggested people in China may be resistant to helping strangers in medical emergencies．This could be because the person helping can be held legally responsible for damage to the injured person．
Some relevant reports once went viral on the web．In a very short time millions of people read and made comments on them．These incidents may be few，but they draw attention to a lacking area of China's legal system．China does not have a national Good Samaritan law．Good Samaritan laws protect people who aid others in medical need．

29．What do you know about cardiovascular disease from the text？B
A．It is incurable．
B．It is deadly．
C．It is caused by overweight．
D．It is universal in the U．S．
30．We can infer that American public health specialists willA．
A．have more chances to communicate with those in China
B．do more experiments in the lab
C．give training to the doctors around the world
D．share their personal experiences with the world
31．People in China might hesitate to carry out CPR to a stranger probably becauseC．
A．they haven't grasp this technique
B．CPR is difficult to carry out
C．they are afraid to get into trouble
D．CPR is not fit for the Chinese
32．Which of the following can probably replace the underlined words"went viral"in the last paragraph？D
A．Disappeared finally．
B．Found immediately．
C．Ignored completely．
D．Spread quickly．

8．Today's modern life discourages people from taking time to prepare their own meals．Eating in the car and grabbing a quick bite in a restaurant are ever more popular ways of dining．It takes a little extra effort and time to cook your own food，but it's a worthwhile pursuit（追求）that can benefit your health，wallet and family．
People across the country are waking up to the fact that the food offered by most fast food restaurants isn't particularly healthy．While these restaurants have made attempts lately to add healthier meals to their menus，it's still a far cry from a dish cooked with fresh ingredients and personal care．
Nutritionists who study what is called"the French paradox"-meaning the fact that French people have low obesity rates despite their diet containing lots of"unhealthy"ingredients such as eggs and butter---partially account for this circumstance by the fact that many French people use fresh ingredients．Taking time to eat at a leisurely pace also helps you get better nutrition and you are less likely to pack on the pounds．
Even a quick meal will usually cost at least five dollars per person at a restaurant．Compare this to the amount of pasta，vegetables or meat available for the same amount at your grocer，and it quickly becomes apparent that the cost of eating out adds up．
Experimenting with new ingredients or foreign recipes will encourage children to try new foods and learn about dishes from around the world．Many couples also find that preparing a meal together can be a romantic experience equal to dinner in a classy，low-lit restaurant．Make sure to spend mealtimes talking and sharing events from the day and you may find it's a great way to get to know your family better．

25．What can we learn from Paragraph 1？B
A．Fast food does great harm to people．
B．More people prefer dining out today．
C．There're different reasons for dining out．
D．Many people still approve of cooking at home．
26．The underlined phrase"a far cry from"in Paragraph 2can be replaced by"A"．
A．different from
B．absent from
C．equal to
D．superior to
27．Why is"the French paradox"referred to in the passage．C
A．To show the French diet is fairy delicious．
B．To illustrate the French have a healthy diet．
C．To stress the importance of using fresh food ingredients．
D．To prove the French diet makes people fat easily．
28．What advantage of cooking at home does the last paragraph talk about？A
A．Strengthen family bonds．
B．Save your money up．
C．Expose you to foreign culture．
D．Get children educated better．

7．When I was a boy my father told me that he could do anything he wanted to．Dad said that he wanted to be the first to develop color prints in our city and so he did．
When I was 16，Dad looked closely at the violin I played and said that he wanted to make one．He read about violin-making，and then became a violin-maker at the age of 43．He bought the tools and materials，opened a small store and set Mom up as the shopkeeper，while he worked at a local company．He retired from the company 17years later and continued to make violins and other instruments．
Dad often guessed why the Stradivarius violins sounded so beautiful．Some experts told him that it was the special varnish （油漆） that gave the instruments their beautiful sound．Dad argued that chemists could analyze the varnish-if that was the answer．
One of Dad's friends asked him which kind of wood was used to make violins．When Dad explained that the top was made of spruce （云杉），his friend said that he had all old piece of spruce which Dad might be interested in．
He worked for the next 12months making a violin from the wood that his friend had given him．It proved to be an excellent violin and it would become Dad's masterpiece．He believed that the secret of the Stradivarius sound was in the wood itself．
Later，the instrument was stolen，Dad's spirit was broken and he stopped making instruments．But he kept the music shop until he was 80years old，selling guitars and violins．
The violin has been missing for more than 25years．Somewhere a musician is playing a late-20th-century violin with an excellent tone．The owner today may never understand why this ordinary-looking violin sounds so much like Stradivarius．

24．In Paragraph l，the writer mentioned his father's developing color prints toC．
A．let others know that he believed his father
B．show that his father would like to make violins
C．prove that his father could do anything he wanted to
D．give an example showing that his father was an inventor
25．The reason why the Stradivarius violins sounded beautiful was thatB．
A．they were made by experts．
B．the wood of the violins was special．
C．the way of making them was unusual．
D．the varnish was different from the others．
26．Which of the following statements is true about the missing violin？B
A．It was a Stradivarius violin．
B．It was made of spruce
C．It was not found until his father was 80
D．It must be valued by its new owner．
27．What kind of person is the writer's father？B
A．Pround and funny
B．Talented and diligent
C．Pessimistic and lazy
D．Creative and aggressive．

6．If you are driving with a minor（未成年人），lighting up could get expensive．About six states have already banned smoking in cars with kids．And Washington may be next．
House Bill 2086is trying to ban anyone from lighting a cigarette，a cigar or pipe while parking or driving if there is someone under 18in the vehicle．
"Harmful chemicals that are coming out of someone smoking in a car are the same as a firefighter fighting a forest fire for four to eight hours，"said state Representative Steve Bergquist．
Supporters of the bill say they want to protect the quarter-million Washington kids who live with smokers．"Research shows that kids of smokers are twice as likely to become smokers themselves．I am one of those children，"said Meagan Darrow，director of the Lacey-based TOGETHER，a positive youth development advocacy group．"We also know it's an asthma（哮喘） trigger； 10percent of our kids in our state have asthma．"
However，some lawmakers say the smoking ban would overburden law enforcement（执行）．"I don't know how we can expect them to stop everyone who is smoking a cigarette to see if there is a child in the car，"State Representative Norm Johnson，R-Yakima，said．
The fine would be﹩125for the first offense，and additional violations could be double．It would not show up on a driver's record or be reported to an insurance company but some say the government is still going too far．
If it is passed，that means a police officer could simply pull someone over if they see someone smoking and they think a minor is in the car．
"When I see someone smoking with a kid in the car，I feel bad for the kids．But，on the other hand，it's one of those issues，"Thurston County resident Debra Defreyn said．"That's like coming to my house to tell me I can't do something in my house．"

32．House Bill 2086is intended toD．
A．ban smoking in public places
B．reduce the number of young smokers
C．prevent people from smoking when driving
D．protect children from drivers smoking in cars
33．What can we learn from Meagan Darrow's words？A
A．His parents are probably smokers．
B．He is strongly against House Bill 2086．
C．He has successfully given up smoking．
D．He suffers from asthma caused by smoking．
34．The underlined word"them"in Paragraph 5refers toB．
A．lawmakers
B．police officers
C．state representatives
D．youth development organizations
35．Debra Defreyn thought House Bill 2086D．
A．is very hard to come into effect
B．is a safety measure for drivers
C．will be passed in the near future
D．violate people's freedom in a way．

5．Have you ever found yourself in this situation：You hear a song you used to sing when you were a child-a bit of nostalgia（怀旧） or"blast from the past，"as we say．But it is not a distant childhood memory．The words come back to you as clearly as when you sang them all those years ago．
Researchers at the University of Edinburgh studied the relationship between music and remembering a foreign language．They found that remembering words in a song was the best way to remember even one of the most difficult languages．
Here is what they did．Researchers took 60adults and randomly divided them into three groups of 20．Then they gave the groups three different types of"listen-and-repeat"learning conditions．Researchers had one group simply speak the words．They had the second group speak the words to a rhythm，or beat．And they asked the third group to sing the words．
All three groups studied words from the Hungarian language for 15minutes．Then they took part in a series of language tests to see what they remembered．
Why Hungarian，you ask？Researchers said they chose Hungarian because not many people know the language．It does not share any roots with Germanic or Romance languages，such as Italian or Spanish．After the tests were over，the singers came out on top．The people who learned these new Hungarian words by singing them showed a higher overall performance．They did the best in four out of five of the tests．They also performed two times better than those who simply learned the words by speaking them．
Dr．Katie Overy says singing could lead to new ways to learn a foreign language．The brain likes to remember things when they are contained in a catchy 3，or memorable 4，tune 5．
Dr．Ludke said the findings could help those who struggle to learn foreign languages．On the University of Edinburgh's website Dr．Ludke writes，"This study provides the first experimental evidence that a listen-and-repeat singing method can support foreign language learning，and opens the door for future research in this area．"

28．The"song"mentioned in the first paragraph is intended toC．
A．recall the past
B．attract the readers
C．introduce the topic
D．compare the childhood with the present
29．According to the passage which language doesn't share the same root with Germanic or Romance languages？A
A．Hungarian
B．Spanish
C．Italian
D．English
30．Based on the last two paragraphs，we can conclude thatB
A．singing is the best way to learn a language．
B．the brain probably works best when the foreign language learners sing the words．
C．a listen-repeat method is very effective for any language learner．
D．Dr．Katie Overy and Dr．Ludke disagree with each other．
31．In which situation can the finding of the research be applied？D
A．A mother is going to teach her baby how to speak．
B．A child is going to have his first music lesson．
C．A student is going to learn a new English song．
D．An American is going to learn some Chinese．

4．Whether in the home or the workplace，social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years．Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way，said Cynthia Breazeal，chief scientist at the robot company Jibo．
While household robots today do the normal housework，social robots will be much more like companions than mere tools．For example，these robots will be able to distinguish when someone is happy or sad．This allows them to respond more appropriately to the user．
The Jibo robot，arranged to ship later this year，is designed to be a personalized assistant．You can talk to the robot，ask it questions，and make requests for it to perform different tasks．The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions； it responds based on what it learns about each individual in the household．It can do things such as reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos．
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home．They have potential applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way into some of these spaces．
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market．The company's"Oshbot"robot is built to assist customers in a store，which can help the customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store．It can also speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what the customer is shopping for．
The more interaction the robot has with humans，the more it learns．But Oshbot，like other social robots，is not intended to replace workers，but to work alongside other employees．"We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us，but with us，"said Breazeal．

33．How are social robots different from household robots？B
A．They can control their emotions．
B．They are more like humans．
C．They do the normal housework．
D．They respond to users more slowly．
34．We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots willB．
A．train employees
B．be our workmates
C．improve technologies
D．take the place of workers
35．What does the passage mainly present？D
A．A new design idea of household robots．
B．Marketing strategies for social robots．
C．Information on household robots．
D．An introduction to social robots．

3．Day Trips from Sydney：A Short Tour of the Blue Mountain
Here is a suggested short tour of the Blue Mountains that you can easily follow in a day from your base in Sydney．
From the center of Sydney，head towards Parramatta and join the M4highway at Stratified．After you leave the highway at Lapstone，you will drive through a series of small towns．
Stop at Subline Point，near the town of Leura．
There is short，step climb down to the lookout point．You need to walk carefully，as there is just enough space for two people to pass on the uneven steps that border a very sharp drop down the mountain．
When you reach the lookout at Subline Point，you are rewarded for the somewhat scary walk by the most wonderful，breathtaking panoramic view of the mountain．
The Three Sisters at Echo Point，near the town of Katoomba．
Take a ride on the aerial cable car for a more close-up view of the Three Sisters and to appreciate just how steep the mountains are．You can also experience the world's steepest railway incline by taking the scenic railway．
Visit Katoomba Waterfall．
Katoomba is a good place to stop for lunch，with cafes and restaurants in its long main street．
On the outskirts of Katoomba，visit Katoomba Falls where a waterfall cascades down the steep，tree-covered mountain．The Katoomba Falls Kiosk is a good place to sit on a sofa and relax with a cup of coffee．
Outside Blackheath，head for Hargraves Lookout．
Hargraves Lookout is a good place to visit because there are very few tourists．There are no steep drops on the way，although there is a walk from the lower lookout point into the bush that looks very steep．
Once you have visited Hargraces Lookout，you could head back to Sydney．
56．Which of the following can best describe your journey to Subline Point？B
A．No root，no fruit
B．High risk，high reward
C．Easy come，easy go．
D．First come，first served
57．Which is the quietest and easiest scenic spot for visitors？D
A．Subline Point
B．The Three Sisters
C．Katoomba Waterfall
D．Hargraves Lookout．

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