11．In any planning system，from the simplest budgeting to the most complex corporate planning，there is an annual process．This is partly due to the fact that firms （51）B their accounting on a yearly basis，but also because similar（52）A often occur in the market．
Usually，the larger the firm，the longer the planning takes．But （53）D，planning for next year may start nine months or more in advance，with various stages of evaluation leading to （54）A of the complete plan three months before the start of the year．
Planning continues，however，throughout the year，since managers （55）Cprogress against targets，while looking forward to the next year．What is happening now will（56）C the objectives and plans for the future．
In today's business climate，as markets constantly change and become more difficult to （57）D，some analysts believe that long-term planning is（58）A．In some markets they may be right，as long as companies can build the sort of flexibility into their operations which allows them to （59）Bto any sudden changes．
Most firms，however，need to plan more than one year ahead in order to（60）C．their long-term goals．This may reflect the time it takes to commission and build a new production plant，or，in marketing（61）D，it may be a question of how long it takes to research and launch a range of new products，and reach a certain（62）B in the market．If，for example，it is going to take five years for a particular airline to become the（63）C choice amongst business travelers on certain routes，the airline must plan for the various（64）Binvolved．
Every one-year plan，therefore，must be （65）D in relation to longer-term plans，and it should contain die stages that are necessary to achieve the final goals．
Usually，the larger the firm，the longer the planning takes．But （53）D，planning for next year may start nine months or more in advance，with various stages of evaluation leading to （54）A of the complete plan three months before the start of the year．
Planning continues，however，throughout the year，since managers （55）Cprogress against targets，while looking forward to the next year．What is happening now will（56）C the objectives and plans for the future．
In today's business climate，as markets constantly change and become more difficult to （57）D，some analysts believe that long-term planning is（58）A．In some markets they may be right，as long as companies can build the sort of flexibility into their operations which allows them to （59）Bto any sudden changes．
Most firms，however，need to plan more than one year ahead in order to（60）C．their long-term goals．This may reflect the time it takes to commission and build a new production plant，or，in marketing（61）D，it may be a question of how long it takes to research and launch a range of new products，and reach a certain（62）B in the market．If，for example，it is going to take five years for a particular airline to become the（63）C choice amongst business travelers on certain routes，the airline must plan for the various（64）Binvolved．
Every one-year plan，therefore，must be （65）D in relation to longer-term plans，and it should contain die stages that are necessary to achieve the final goals．
| 51．A．make up | B．carry out | C．bring about | D．put down |
| 52．A．patterns | B．guides | C．designs | D．distributions |
| 53．A．surprisingly | B．contrarily | C．equally | D．typically |
| 54．A．approval | B．permission | C．admiration | D．objection |
| 55．A．value | B．confirm | C．review | D．survey |
| 56．A．restore | B．promote | C．influence | D．maintain |
| 57．A．guess | B．advocate | C．recognize | D．predict |
| 58．A．pointless | B．meaningful | C．realistic | D．inevitable |
| 59．A．lead | B．respond | C．refer | D．contribute |
| 60．A．share | B．handle | C．develop | D．benefit |
| 61．A．expressions | B．descriptions | C．words | D．terms |
| 62．A．reputation | B．position | C．situation | D．direction |
| 63．A．reserved | B．selected | C．preferred | D．supposed |
| 64．A．acts | B．steps | C．means | D．points |
| 65．A．handed over | B．left behind | C．made out | D．drawn up． |
10．Most American magazines and newspapers reserve 60 percent of their pages for ads．The New York Times Sunday edition（51）B may contain 350 pages of advertisements．Some radio stations devote 40minutes of every hour to（52）C．
Then there is television．The vast majority of television ads today consist of brief advertising spots，（53）A in length from a few seconds to several minutes．According to one estimate，American youngsters sit through three hours of television commercials each week．By the time they graduate from high school，they will have been（54）D 360，000TV ads．Television advertises in airports，hospital waiting rooms，and schools．
Major sporting events are now major advertising events．Racing cars serve as high speed （55）B．Some athletes receive most of their money from advertisements．One top-ranking basketball player earned 3.9 million dollars by playing ball．Advertisers paid him nine times that much to（56）Btheir products．
There is no escape．Commercial ads are （57）Don walls，buses，and trucks．They（58）Bthe inside of taxis and subways--even the doors of public toilets．（59）Amessages call to us in supermarkets，stores，elevators--and（60）Bwe are on hold on the telephone．In some countries so much advertising comes through the mail that many recipients proceed directly from the mailbox to the nearest wastebasket to （61）Athe junk mail．
（62）C Insiders'Report，published by McCann-Erickson，a global advertising agency，the estimated amount of money spent on advertising worldwide in 1990 was 275.5 billion dollars．Since then，the figures have soared to 411.6 billion dollars for 1997 and 434.4 billion dollars for 1998．Big money．
What is the（63）A of all of this？One analyst put it this way："Advertising is one of the most powerful socializing forces in the culture．Ads sell （64）D than products．They sell images，values，goals，（65）C of who we are and who we should be．They shape our attitudes and our attitudes shape our behavior．"
Then there is television．The vast majority of television ads today consist of brief advertising spots，（53）A in length from a few seconds to several minutes．According to one estimate，American youngsters sit through three hours of television commercials each week．By the time they graduate from high school，they will have been（54）D 360，000TV ads．Television advertises in airports，hospital waiting rooms，and schools．
Major sporting events are now major advertising events．Racing cars serve as high speed （55）B．Some athletes receive most of their money from advertisements．One top-ranking basketball player earned 3.9 million dollars by playing ball．Advertisers paid him nine times that much to（56）Btheir products．
There is no escape．Commercial ads are （57）Don walls，buses，and trucks．They（58）Bthe inside of taxis and subways--even the doors of public toilets．（59）Amessages call to us in supermarkets，stores，elevators--and（60）Bwe are on hold on the telephone．In some countries so much advertising comes through the mail that many recipients proceed directly from the mailbox to the nearest wastebasket to （61）Athe junk mail．
（62）C Insiders'Report，published by McCann-Erickson，a global advertising agency，the estimated amount of money spent on advertising worldwide in 1990 was 275.5 billion dollars．Since then，the figures have soared to 411.6 billion dollars for 1997 and 434.4 billion dollars for 1998．Big money．
What is the（63）A of all of this？One analyst put it this way："Advertising is one of the most powerful socializing forces in the culture．Ads sell （64）D than products．They sell images，values，goals，（65）C of who we are and who we should be．They shape our attitudes and our attitudes shape our behavior．"
| 51．A．lonely | B．alone | C．singly | D．individually |
| 52．A．commerce | B．consumers | C．commercials | D．contracts |
| 53．A．ranging | B．varying | C．changing | D．adjusting |
| 54．A．taken to | B．spent in | C．expected of | D．exposed to |
| 55．A．flashes | B．billboards | C．attractions | D．messages |
| 56．A．improve | B．promote | C．urge | D．update |
| 57．A．symbolized | B．illustrated | C．demonstrated | D．displayed |
| 58．A．modify | B．decorate | C．polish | D．fix |
| 59．A．Audio | B．Studio | C．Oral | D．Video |
| 60．A．since | B．while | C．unless | D．if |
| 61．A．throw away | B．lay down | C．blow out | D．break down |
| 62．A．Except for | B．Apart from | C．According to | D．Including in |
| 63．A．effect | B．affect | C．result | D．purpose |
| 64．A．less | B．same | C．similar | D．more |
| 65．A．outlooks | B．opinions | C．concepts | D．implications． |
8．Surprising new research suggests it can actually be good to feel bad at work，and that feeling good in the workplace can lead to negative outcomes．
The study of emotions in the workplace，edited by University of Liverpool researchers Drs．Dirk Lindebaum and Peter Jordan，is the（51）B of a Special Issue of the journal Human Relations．
They found that the （52）C held assumption that positivity in the workplace produces positive outcomes，while negative emotions lead to negative outcomes，may be in need for （53）A．This is partly due to this assumption （54）B to take into account the differences in work contexts which affect outcomes．
For instance，anger does not always lead to negative outcomes and can be used as a force for good through acting upon injustices．In some （55）D，anger can be considered a force for good if motivated by violations（违背） of moral standards．An employee，for example，could express anger constructively after a manager has treated a fellow worker （56）D．In such situations，anger can be useful to （57）A these acts of injustice repeating themselves in the future．
Likewise，being too positive in the workplace，（58）C resulting in greater well-being and greater productivity，can lead to self-satisfaction and superficiality（肤浅）．
One article within the issue also finds that，within team situations，negativity can have a good effect，leading to less （59）A and therefore greater discussion among workers which （60）B team effectiveness．
An interesting contradiction（矛盾） is identified in another study of the special issue．Here，people gain （61）C from doing"good"in the context of helplines by providing support to people in times of emotional distress．（62）D，they are negatively affected by their line of work due to people trying to avoid them in social situations．
Lindebaum said，"The findings of the studies published in this Special Issue （63）B the widely held assumption that in the workplace positive emotions （64）A a positive outcome，and vice versa．This Special Issue adds to our knowledge and understanding of how the positive and negative emotions affect the（65）D environment and has practical application and relevance in the workplace．"
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The study of emotions in the workplace，edited by University of Liverpool researchers Drs．Dirk Lindebaum and Peter Jordan，is the（51）B of a Special Issue of the journal Human Relations．
They found that the （52）C held assumption that positivity in the workplace produces positive outcomes，while negative emotions lead to negative outcomes，may be in need for （53）A．This is partly due to this assumption （54）B to take into account the differences in work contexts which affect outcomes．
For instance，anger does not always lead to negative outcomes and can be used as a force for good through acting upon injustices．In some （55）D，anger can be considered a force for good if motivated by violations（违背） of moral standards．An employee，for example，could express anger constructively after a manager has treated a fellow worker （56）D．In such situations，anger can be useful to （57）A these acts of injustice repeating themselves in the future．
Likewise，being too positive in the workplace，（58）C resulting in greater well-being and greater productivity，can lead to self-satisfaction and superficiality（肤浅）．
One article within the issue also finds that，within team situations，negativity can have a good effect，leading to less （59）A and therefore greater discussion among workers which （60）B team effectiveness．
An interesting contradiction（矛盾） is identified in another study of the special issue．Here，people gain （61）C from doing"good"in the context of helplines by providing support to people in times of emotional distress．（62）D，they are negatively affected by their line of work due to people trying to avoid them in social situations．
Lindebaum said，"The findings of the studies published in this Special Issue （63）B the widely held assumption that in the workplace positive emotions （64）A a positive outcome，and vice versa．This Special Issue adds to our knowledge and understanding of how the positive and negative emotions affect the（65）D environment and has practical application and relevance in the workplace．"
| 51．A．application | B．topic | C．cause | D．objective |
| 52．A．basically | B．logically | C．commonly | D．blindly |
| 53．A．reconsideration | B．recommendation | C．recognition | D．reassurance |
| 54．A．stopping | B．failing | C．tending | D．managing |
| 55．A．aspects | B．companies′ | C．cultures | D．cases |
| 56．A．gently | B．strangely | C．irregularly | D．unfairly |
| 57．A．prevent | B．keep | C．find | D．have |
| 58．A．in spite of | B．apart from | C．instead of | D．owing to |
| 59．A．agreement | B．thinking | C．production | D．initiative |
| 60．A．determines | B．enhances | C．reduces | D．influences |
| 61．A．independence | B．knowledge | C．satisfaction | D．strength |
| 62．A．Moreover | B．Therefore | C．Otherwise | D．However |
| 63．A．support | B．challenge | C．include | D．confirm |
| 64．A．contribute to | B．result from | C．fit in with | D．get over |
| 65．A．social | B．surviving | C．natural | D．working． |