14．Western airliner manufacturers seem to be tripping over themselves in their eagerness to sign coo——青夏教育精英家教网—

14．Western airliner manufacturers seem to be tripping over （绊倒） themselves in their eagerness to sign cooperative agreements with Asian partners as a low-cost route to developing new airliners．Their potential Asian partners seem to be tripping over themselves to sign such agreements，as a low-cost route to acquiring new airliner technology．If they are not careful the two sides will end up tripping over each other the one by selling its birth-right for short-term gain，the other by trying to break into a market which isn't big enough to sustain （忍受） it．
Technology transfer works in a growing market，where the aspirations of the new entrant receiving that technology can be met through expansion．The airliner market is not such a device．
Even the most optimistic projections of airliner sales for the next 20years show that airliner manufacture can only be profitable if a small number of aircraft builders share the available sales．It follows that if new manufacturers come into the market and take sales，their sales must come from substitution，not expansion．
Given the complexity of today's airliners，it is unlikely that any new entrant will have both the financial and technical resources to come into the market without the involvement of an established manufacturer．In the short term，such involvement may not be to the exclusive benefit of the new entrant most of the established manufacturers are searching for ways to reduce costs of manufacture．
In the short term，it can be of benefit to an established Western manufacturer to have either components of complete air-frames made or assembled in lower-wage economics such as China，Taiwan or Korea，while retaining the design，development and marketing of aircraft for itself．It would be a very unwise Western manufacturer which did not notice the fact that these developing economies are acquiring skills （like computing） at least as quickly as they are acquiring skills in metal bashing （猛击）．
The danger comes when the new entrant no longer needs the established Western partner because it has acquired the technical and intellectual ability to design and build its own aircraft．An Asian partner may well find itself in the happy position of having the low-cost labour base，the high-cost technology base and the vital financial base to build a new airliner．

74．The author's attitude towards Western/Eastern cooperation can be described asC．
A．positive B．progressive C．conservative D．negative
75．"The airliner market is not such a device"means that the airliner marketD．
A．does not encourage technology transfer
B．is too limited to offer chances of success
C．requires hi-tech rather than unaccepted devices
D．is full of competitions for new entrants
76．According to the author，a wise established manufacturer shouldD．
A．try to benefit from both financial and technical resources
B．break up his partnership with the East once profits are made
C．keep a tight told over hi-tech development and marketing of airliners
D．cooperate with Asian partners for a short time
77．The word"base"in the last paragraph representsA．
A．a place for aircraft production
B．the operation of aircraft
C．a research institute
D．a position where to build office．

13．We have designed all our bank cards to make your life easier．
How to use your NatWest Servicecard
As a Switch card，it lets you pay for all sorts of goods and services，wherever you see the Switch logo．The money comes forthright out of your account，so you can spend as much as you like as long as you have enough money to cover it．It is also a cheque guarantee card for up to the amount shown on the card．And it gives you free access to your money from over 31，000cash machines across the UK．
How to use your NatWest Cashcard
You can use your Cashcard as a Sulo card to pay for goods and services wherever you see the Solo logo．It can also give you access to your account and your cash from over 31，000cash machines nationwide．You can spend or withdraw what you have in your account．
Using your cards abroad
You can also use your Servicecard and Cashcard when you're abroad．You can withdraw cash at cash machines and pay for goods and services wherever you see the Cirrus or Maestro logo displayed．
How to use your NatWest Credit Card
With your credit card you can do the following：
●Pay for goods and services and enjoy up to 56days'interest-free credit．
●Pay in over 24million shops worldwide that display the Mastercard or Visa logos．
●Collect one AIR MILE for every￡20of spending that appears on your statement（结算单）．

70．If you carry the Servicecard or the Cashcard，C．
A．you can use it to guarantee things as you wish
B．you can spend as much money as you like without a limit
C．you can draw your money from cash machines conveniently
D．you have to pay some extra money when you pay for services in the UK
71．The word"forthright"in Para.2can be understood as"D"．
A．unexpectedly    B．logically    C．properly    D．directly
72．Which of the following is TRUE about using your NatWest Credit Card？A．
A．You will be charged some interest beyond two months．
B．You have to pay back with interest within 56days．
C．You can use the card in any shop across the world．
D．You will gain one air mile if you spend￡20on traveller's cheques．
73．The purpose of the passage is to show you how toA．
A．play your cards right          B．use your cards abroad
C．draw cash with your cards      D．pay for goods with your cards．

12．In Japan many workers for large corporations have a guarantee of lifetime employment．They will not be laid off during recessions（经济萧条） or when the tasks they perform are taken over by robots．To some observes，this is capitalism at its best，because workers are treated as people not things．Others see it as necessarily inefficient and believe it cannot continue if Japan is to remain competitive with foreign corporations more concerned about profits and less concerned about people．
Defenders of the system argue that those who call it inefficient do not understand how it really works．In the first place not every Japanese worker has the guarantee of a lifetime job．The lifetime employment system includes only"regular employees"．Many employees do not fall into this category，including all women．All businesses have many part-time and temporary employees．These workers are hired and laid off during the course of the business cycle just as employees in the United States are．These"irregular workers"make up about 10percent of the nonagricultural work force．Additionally，Japanese firms maintain some flexibility through the extensive use of subcontractors（分包单位）．This practice is much more common in Japan than in the United States．
The use of both subcontractors and temporary workers has increased markedly in Japan since the 1974-1975recession．All this leads some to argue that the Japanese system is not all that different from the American system．During recessions Japanese corporations lay off temporary workers and give less business to subcontractors．In the United States，corporations lay off those workers with the least seniority（资历）．The difference then is probably less than the term"lifetime employment"suggests，but there still is a difference．And this difference cannot be understood without looking at the values of Japanese society．The relationship between employer and employee cannot be explained in purely contractual（合同的） terms．Firms hold on to the employees and employees stay with one firm．There are also practical reasons for not jumping from job to job．Most retirement benefits come from the employer．Changing jobs means losing these benefits．Also，teamwork is an essential part of Japanese production．Moving to a new firm means adapting to a different team and at least temporarily，lower productivity and lower pay．

74．According to the passage，a woman in JapanA．
A．cannot get a lifetime job
B．is impossible to get a part time job
C．will be employed for life
D．is among the regular workers
75Which of the following is NOT the reason why Japanese workers stay with one firm？B
A．they don't want to lose their retirement benefits．
B．they are not adaptable people．
C．any change of jobs will make them less paid．
D．they get used to the teamwork．
76．It can be inferred from the passage thatA．
A．those who want to change jobs frequently in Japan should think twice
B．those who are first laid off by American corporations are temporary workers
C．the use of subcontractors makes Japanese firms less flexible
D．the Japanese system is totally different from the American system
77．What does the passage mainly discuss？D
A．The extremely hard situation during recessions．
B．The extensive use of subcontractors in Japan．
C．The characteristics of corporations in the United States．
D．The features of lifetime employment in Japan．

11．Well，parents，surprise!Lots of us are using Twitter and Facebook to find rides，and not just to school．It's awkward to call a friend and ask for a ride，and half the time they'll say，"Sorry，my car is full．"But with Twitter，you just tweet#AshleysPoolParty and look for other people heading the same way．
It may sound risky，but many teens stay within their own social circles to find rides，and don't branch out beyond friends of friends when asking on Twitter．For me，I only rideshare with people I know，but to some young people，especially those taking longer trips，stranger danger is less of a concern．
The sharing economy got big during the recession（经济衰退）．It allows people to access more goods and services using technology，while also allowing them to share cost．And that technology，for me，is what the car was for my mom，a gateway to more freedom．
According to the researchers at the University of Michigan，30 years ago，eight in ten American 18-year-olds had a driver's license．Today it's six in ten．So it's not that surprising that on my 16^th birthday I wasn't rushing to get a license．All I wanted was an iPhone．Juliet Schor （Sociology professor at Boston College） knows people my age love being connected and for young people driving means they have to disconnect from their technology，and that's a negative．So if they could sit in the passenger side and still be connected，that's going to be a plus．
To me，another plus is ridesharing represents something much bigger than trying to save money．I see it as evidence that people still depend on each other．My generation shares their cars and apartments the way neighbors used to share cups of sugar．For the system to work，some of us still need our own cars．But until I get my own version of the silver Super Beetle，you can find me on Twitter．
66．The writer usually rideshares withB．
A．anyone heading the same way B．people he knows
C．friends of friends D．strangers of his age
67．Fewer young people choose to ride by themselves becauseD．
A．driving means offering free rides to others．
B．getting a driving license becomes more difficult．
C．driving one's own cars causes a negative impression．
D．driving makes them disconnected from technology．
68．We can conclude from the passage thatC
A．the writer rideshares just to save money
B．people under 18 are not allowed to drive
C．silver Super Beetle is the writer's favorite
D．the older generation had to fight for freedom
69．Which is the best title for the passage？A
A．Teens use Twitter to thumb rides．
B．Tips on reducing risks in ridesharing．
C．Car is no longer a gateway to freedom．
D．New generation knows how to save money．

10．Lying in the town of Kutná Hora in the Czech Republic，the Sedlec Ossuary（藏骨堂）never fails to inspire fear and fascination in first-time visitors．Usually，an ossuary is just a site where bones are kept，but this one is very different．It is an ossuary richly decorated with bones of mote than 40，000human skeletons（骨架），a strange fact that led to its nickname-the Bone Church．
The current location of the Sedlec Ossuary was originally a cemetery．In 1278，the headmaster of Sedlec paid a visit to the Holy Land，and on his return，he brought back a handful of earth from Golgotha，the area where Jesus is thought to have been crucified（钉在十字架上）．The headmaster spread the soil in the cemetery and word went around that the place was blessed．Soon，people from all over Europe wanted to be buried there．In the 15^thcentury，the cemetery was nearly out of place，so to make room for newcomers，some of the older bones were removed from the cemetery and stored in an ossuary they built．At the time，however，the bones were merely piled up and not carefully arranged．
It was Frantisek Rint，a wood carver，who rearranged the burial site and transformed it into the magnificent Bone Church．In 1870，he cleaned up thousands of bones and carefully pieced them together in various shapes．The designs include two chalices，several candleholders，a noble family crest，a splendid chandelier，and much more．Equally astonishing are the six bell-shaped pyramids of bones in the four corners of the ossuary．Together，they express the short life of human beings．To this day，tourists can't help but feel small after a visit to the Bone Church．

24．What makes Sedlec Ossuary different？B
A．It has a special nickname．
B．It is decorated with bones．
C．It keeps bones of common people．
D．It's originated from a cemetery．
25．Why would people like to be buried in Sedlec？D
A．It was well managed．
B．It was where Jesus was buffed．
C．People saw it as home．
D．People believed it was blessed．
26．Why was an ossuary built in the 15^th century？D
A．To reuse the bones．
B．To sort out the bones．
C．To enlarge the cemetery．
D．To manage space for newcomers．
27．What does Paragraph 3mainly tell us？B
A．We human beings are great．
B．The church was amazingly decorated．
C．Frantisek Rint is a great carver．
D．The bones in the church are valuable．

9．Winter begins in the north on December 22nd．People and animals have been doing what they always do to prepare for the colder months．Squirrels （松鼠），for example，have been busy gathering nuts from trees．Well，scientists have been busy gathering information about what the squirrels do with the food they collect．
They examined differences between red squirrels and gray squirrels in the American state of Indiana．The scientists wanted to know how these differences could affect the growth of black walnut （黑胡桃） trees．The black walnut is the nut of choice for both kinds of squirrels．The black walnut tree is also a central part of some hardwood forests．
Rob Swihart of Purdue University did the study with Jake Goheen，a former Purdue student now at the University of New Mexico．The two researchers estimate that several times as many walnuts grow when gathered by gray squirrels as compared to red squirrels．Gray squirrels and red squirrels do not store nuts and seeds in the same way．Gray squirrels bury nuts one at a time in a number of places．But they seldom remember where they buried every nut．So some nuts remain in the ground．Conditions are right for them to develop and grow the following spring．Red squirrels，however，store large groups of nuts above ground．Professor Swihart calls"death traps for seeds"．
Gray squirrels are native to Indiana．But Professor Swihart says their numbers began to decrease as more forests were cut for agriculture．Red squirrels began to spread through the state during the past century．
The researchers say red squirrels are native to forests that stay green all year，unlike walnut trees．They say the cleaning of forest land for agriculture has helped red squirrels invade Indiana．Jake Goheen calls them a sign of an environmental problem more than a cause．

68．The study done by Rob Swihart and Jake Goheen is toB．
A．find out the living conditions for squirrels
B．learn squirrels'influence on black walnut trees
C．do something to get rid of squirrels
D．save the forests in the American state of Indiana
69．The difference between gray squirrels and red squirrels mainly lies inD．
A．the way they gather the walnut
B．the time they have winter sleep
C．the place they have winter sleep
D．the place they store the walnuts
70．When Professor Swihart says"death traps for seeds"，he actually means thatC．
A．red squirrels eat more nuts than gray squirrels
B．gray squirrels and red squirrels will have severe fights
C．nuts above the ground will not develop into plants
D．seeds can be traps for other animals in the forest
71．According to the passage，which of the following is true？A
A．The black walnut is equally attractive to both gray and red squirrels．
B．Gray squirrels do more harm to the forest than red squirrels．
C．Red squirrels and gray squirrels have helped the spread of walnut trees．
D．The cleaning of forest land benefits red squirrels directly．

8．Lonely Planet Publications is the largest guidebook publisher in the world．With over 650titles sold in 118countries，it annually sells six million copies，giving guidance to travelers in locations worldwide．
Tony Wheeler and his wife Maureen Wheeler were the founders of Lonely Planet Publications and its first writers．They put together Lonely Planet's first publication-Across Asia on the Cheap．Originally from Australia，the couple had decided to travel from Europe back home to Australia overland-going through the countries of Iran，
Afghanistan，Pakistan，India，Nepal，and South-East Asia，to eventually reach Australia．Tourist facilitres were limited in these countries，so if travelers wanted to go there，they had to eat and sleep locally．Many of these travelers were young and adventurous，but they didn't have much money，so going local was the only way that they could afford to travel across Asia．Frustrated that there was no guidebook to give budget travelers information on accommodations，food，and transport in these regions，the Wheelers decided to write a guidebook themselves．Full of humor and strong opinions，the book became famous among backpackers-budget travelers-as the chief travel guide for Asia．It made enough money for the Wheelers to travel more and finance their second book about traveling in Southeast Asia on a Shoestring．
This second book became even more popular and acquired readership outside of Australia in North America，Europe，and New Zealand．Sales developed so well that the Wheelers were able to open up a publishing house in Australia，and eventually opened up offices in the United States and Europe．Because the guidebooks were based off contributing writer's experiences，material was fresh and up to date．As more and more books were written，the series finally came to cover every country in the world．
32．What is the passage mainly about？A
A．How the Lonely Planet Publications developed．
B．How to have a trip in an economical way．
C．The Wheelers liked traveling around the world．
D．The Wheelers wrote two books about traveling．
33．The Wheelers wrote Across Asia on the Cheap becauseC．
A．they thought they could make a lot of money
B．the Australian government asked them to
C．there was no guidebook like it on the market
D．it was their job while they were traveling
34．In the third paragraph，"budget travelers"refers to those travelers whoB
A．decide to travel around the world
B．don't have so much money
C．write books during their trips
D．help other travelers as volunteers
35．It can be concluded that the WheelersB．
A．have only written two books about cheap traveling
B．advocated the idea of traveling more with less money
C．eventually made their company from bad to worse
D．support other travelers to start a publishing house．

7．After having worked in the University of Maryland for three years，I got a job offer from another university---Lynn University．I left my letter of offer on my present boss's desk，turned around，and closed the door quietly．I was expecting a call from my boss saying congratulations，which would show her approval of my leaving．
In the afternoon，my boss called me，saying，"Can we meet tomorrow？"That was a good signal．The next day，I met with my boss．She said，'Nicholas，we want you．What do you want？"I said，"Boss，I deserve a significant pay raise this year due to my outstanding performance．I think I need a 10% pay raise next year as a condition for me to stay here．"My boss said，"No problem．''
When I left her office，I called Lynn University and told them that I was going to get a 10% pay raise．They had to give me 10% more than their original pay offer in order for me to accept the job．The new boss told me that he was willing to give me more，but I would feel very bad working at this university with such a high pay．I would win a battle，but I would lose a war．He said，"The problem is that your colleague will earn less than you，so you will feel guilty（内疚）and uncomfortable．But，I can still give you 5% more than the original offer．"
I delivered this massage to my present boss，and she told me that she would give me another 5% pay raise if I promised to refuse this new job offer．On top of that，she would strongly support my early promotion（晋升）from assistant professor to associate professor．According to the university policy，you must take at least 6years to get promoted．That was my third year of employment at this university．After refusing the new job offer，I finally enjoyed both a pay raise and early promotion．
24．In paragraph 2，what does Nicholas mean by"That was a good signal"？C
A．His boss would approve his leaving the University of Maryland．
B．He would leave his present job and work for Lynn University．
C．His boss would talk with him about a possible pay offer．
D．His friends would congratulate him on getting a new job offer．
25．Why did the new boss agree to another 5% raise when Nicholas asked for 10% the next day？D
A．He did not have the right to make such a big pay offer．
B．he did not want Nicholas to earn more than he did．
C．Nicholas was not experienced enough to get such a raise．
D．Nicholas would not feel good for earning too much more than others．
26．How much pay raise did the author finally get as a result of refusing the new job offer？C
A.5%      B.10%     C.15%     D.20%
27．In the text，the author mainly tells his experience ofA．
A．earning a pay raise            B．refusing a job offer
C．applying for a new position      D．making decisions in the workplace．

6．The greatest recent social changes have been in the lives of women in America，or probably in the world．
During the twentieth century there has been a remarkable shortening of the proportion of a woman's life spent in caring for the children．A woman marrying at the end of the nineteenth century would probably have been in her middle twenties？And would be likely to have seven or eight children，of whom four or five lived till they were five years old．By the time the youngest was fifteen，the mother would have been in her early fifties and would expect to live a further twenty years，during which custom，opportunity and health made it unusual for her to get paid work．Today women marry younger and have fewer children．Usually a woman's youngest child will be fifteen when she is forty-five years and is likely to take paid work until retirement at sixty．Even while she has the care of children，her work is lightened by modern living conditions．
This important change in women's life-pattern has only recently begun to have its full effect on women's economic position．Even a few years ago most girls left school at the first opportunity，and most of them took a full-time job．However，when they married，they usually left work at once and never returned to it．Today the school leaving age is sixteen，many girls stay at school after that age，and though women tend to marry younger，more married women stay at work at least until shortly before their first child is born．Very many more afterwards return to full-or-part-time work．
Such changes have led to a new relationship in marriage，with the husband accepting a greater share of the duties and satisfactions of family life，and with both husband and wife sharing more equally in providing the money，and running the home，according to the abilities and interests of each of them．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS．）

78．At what age did most women get married in the late nineteenth century？in their middle twenties．
79．A women today can still take care of her children when doing paid work in their forties because ofher age and the lightened work．
80．Of"such changes"today，one is that many more mothersreturn to full or part-time job after their first child is born．
81．What are the factors that cause a couple to share economic and family affairs in an equal way？Their abilities and interests．

5．For four lonely years，Evelyn Jones of Rockford，Illinois，lived friendless and forgotten in one room of a cheap hotel．"I wasn't sick，but I was acting sick，"the 78-year-old widow says，"Every day was the same．I would just lie on my bed and maybe cook up some soup．"Then，six months ago，she was invited to The Brighter Side--Rockford's day care center for the elderly．Every weekday morning since then，she has left her home to meet nine other old people in a church for a rich program of charity work，trips，games，and--most important of all--friendly companionship．
Just a few years ago，there were few choices for the elderly between a normal life in their own homes and being totally confined in nursing homes．Many of them were sent to rest homes long before they needed full-time care．Others like Mrs．Jones were left to take care of themselves．But in 1971，the White House Conference on Aging called for the development of alternatives to care in nursing homes for old people，and since then，government-supported day-care programs like The Brighter Side have been developed in most big American cities．
"This represents a real alternative to the feared institution and makes old people believe they have not left the world of living"，says Alice Brophy，64，director of New York City's Office for the Aging，"They do well at the centers，and I hate it when people describe us as elderly playpens（婴儿扶栏）．"New York's 138centers encourage continuing contact for the aged with the community's life．The centers serve more than 15，000members，and volunteer workers are always looking for new ones．If someone doesn't show up at the center for several days in a row，a worker at the center calls to make sure all is well．And although participation in the center is free，those who want to can pay for their lunches．
No normal studies have been made of these centers for the elderly，but government officials are enthusiastic．In the future，the Public Health Service will do a study to decide if the programs can receive federal Medicare money．And the old people themselves are very happy with the programs．"There is no way"，says Evelyn Jones，smiling at her new companions at the Brighter Side，"that I will ever go back to spending my day with all those loses at the hotel．"

66．According to the passage，many old people went to the nursing homes becauseC．
A．They are in urgent need of full-time care．
B．They were rather willing to go there．
C．They were sent there．
D．They were volunteers there．
67．We can conclude from the statements of Alice Brophy thatB．
A．the centers are like elderly playpens．
B．the old people do well at the day care centers．
C．old people like nursing institutions．
D．outside the Brighter side they don't work for the old．
68．What's author's attitude towards the program of day care centers？D
A．pessimistic．
B．concerned．
C．neutral．
D．optimistic．
69．What is the main idea of the article？B
A．Day care centers may be able to receive federal Medicare money．
B．Day care centers can make life better for elderly people．
C．Many old people in the United States are lonely．
D．Old people have no place in their society．

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