20．Women are friendly．But men are more competitive．Why?Researchers have found it's all down to the h——青夏教育精英家教网—

20．Women are friendly．But men are more competitive．Why？Researchers have found it's all down to the hormone oxytocin （荷尔蒙催生素）．Although known as the love hormone，it affects the sexes differently．
"Women tend to be social in their behavior．They often share with others．But men lend to be competitive．Tey are trying to improve their social status，"said Professor Ryan．
Generally，people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations ad
our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions （互动） such as falling in love or giving birth．
But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy．
Further researches showed that in men the hormone oxytocin improves the ability to recognize competitive relationships，but in women it raises the ability to recognize friendship．
Professor Ryan's recent experiment used 62men and women aged 20to 37．Half of the participants（参与者）received oxytocin．The other half received placebo （安慰剂）．
After a week，the two groups switched with participants．They went through the same procedure with the other material．
Following each treatment，they were shown some video pictures with different social interactions．Then they were asked to analyze the relationships by answering some questions．The questions were about telling friendship from competition．And their answers should be based on gestures，body language and facial expressions．
The results indicated that，after treatment with oxytocin，men's ability to correctly recognize competitive relationships improved，but in women it was the ability to correctly recognize friendship that got better．
Professor Ryan thus concluded："Our experiment proves that the hormone oxytocin can raise people's abilities to better distinguish different social interactions．And the behavior differences between men and women are caused by biological factors （因素） that are mainly hormonal．"

25．What causes men and women to behave differently according to the text？B
A．Placebo． B．Oxytocin． C．The gesture． D．The social status．
26．What can we learn from Professor Ryan's previous experiment？C
A．Oxytocin affects our behavior in a different way．
B．Our body lets out oxytocin when we are deep in love．
C．Our body produces oxytocin when we feel unhappy about others'success．
D．Oxytocin improves our abilities to understand people's behavior differences．
27．Why did Professor Ryan conduct the recent experiment？A
A．To test the effect of oxytocin on the ability to recognize social interactions．
B．To know the differences between friendship and competition．
C．To know people's different abilities to answer questions．
D．To test people's understanding of body language．
28．The author develops the text byD．
A．explaining people's behaviors
B．describing his own experiences
C．distinguishing sexual differences
D．discussing research experiments．

19．Every year，a handful of new words enter the world's collective vocabulary，but only one has the honor of being named Oxford Dictionaries'Word of the Year．And this year's top honor goes to"selfie"．
The frequency of the word selfie used in the English language has increased by 17，000per cent since this time last year．This figure is calculated by Oxford Dictionaries using a research program which collects around 150million English words currently in use from around the web every month．To qualify，a word need not have been invented within the past 12months but it does need to stand out or become notable at that time．
Selfie is defined by Oxford Dictionaries as："A photograph that one has taken of oneself，typically one taken with a smart phone or webcam and uploaded to a social media website．"Oxford Dictionaries said the earliest known usage is an Australian online forum post in 2002．A man posted a picture of injuries to his face when he tripped over some steps．He apologized for the fact that the picture was out of focus，saying that it was not because he was drunk but because it was a selfie．
Judy Pearsall，editorial director for Oxford Dictionaries，said："Using the Oxford Dictionaries language research program，we can see a phenomenal upward trend in the use of selfie in 2013，and this helped to win its selection as Word of the Year．"She also added："Social media sites helped to popularize the term，with selfie appearing on the photo-sharing website Flicker as early as 2004，but usage wasn't widespread until around 2012，when selfie was being used commonly in mainstream media sources．"
Selfies have taken the world by storm．Everyone from the first family to ordinary people has taken the time to pose for a selfie．Celebrities like Miley Cyrus，Jennifer Lawrence，and Jennifer Aniston have all showed their new haircuts with selfies this year．Selfie was added to the Oxford Dictionaries online in August，but not yet in the Oxford English．
32．What does this passage mainly talk about？C
A．The definition of the word"Selfie"．
B．The widespread usage of the word"Selfie"in 2012．
C．"Selfie"has been chosen as the Word of the Year of 2013．
D．"Selfie"began to be used in the Oxford English．
33．What can we learn from the passage about the word Selfie？A
A．Social media sites helped to popularize the word Selfie．
B．The frequency of the word"selfie"has increased to 17，000% since 2004．
C．Celebrities and the first family have all showed their new haircuts with selfies．
D．The earliest known usage of"selfie"was a man who was drunk．
34．The word"selfie"was chosen the Word of the Year byC．
A．A social media website．
B．The photo-sharing website Flicker．
C．A research program by Oxford Dictionaries．
D．People who take picture using a smart phone or webcam．
35．In which column of a newspaper can we find this article？D
A．Arts B．entertainment C．Science D．Culture．

18．A third of 15to 18-year-olds in the UK have met someone in person they originally met through social media．
The figure comes from an exclusive online Newsbeat poll（投票） of 1，015British teenagers，put together by Comres．The survey also indicates that a quarter feel happier online than they do in real life．
But overall，real-life relationships are still considered far more important than online ones，according to the findings．Sixty-six per cent polled last month said the number of friends they knew in person was more important to them，compared to 28% who said the same of the number of friends and followers they had online．
The survey also suggests what lots of people know already，that social media is now an integral part of teenagers'lives．Only one per cent of respondents said they never checked in online for social reasons．Facebook is the most popular social network （89% have an account），followed by Twitter （62%） and Snapchat （58%）．
Dr Emma Short，a psychologist at the University of Bedfordshire，said，"The number of teenagers meeting up with people they first befriended online is worrying．Even very sophisticated security experts find it very hard to verify the identity of accounts．When you're 15and you're very effective at identifying friends and risk，it's easy to assume you can do that online．It's not safe in that they may not be who they say they are and you know nothing about them apart from the conversation you've had online-which is a very small part of their lives and the person they may be．"
The survey also indicated：
•25% of teenagers admitted they were addicted to social media．
•25% wished they could give up social media．
"I can't do without my phone．"says 17-year-old Aisha from Clapton，north London．"I can't do without checking Facebook，Twitter，Instagram，Snapchat．"
When we ask Aisha about the prospect of taking her social networks away，the consequences，genuinely，are too hard to bear．
Jealousy，loneliness，happiness and stress are all emotions felt by teenagers．

41．From the first two paragraphs we get to know thatD．
A．the majority of the teenagers polled met their net friends
B．more and more British adolescents feel happier online
C．a third of 15to 18-year-olds in the UK make net friends online
D．a little more than 300adolescents surveyed met net friends
42．According to the survey，which of the following statements is TRUE？B
A．Sixty-six per cent polled think it important to meet net friends in person．
B．More British adolescents consider friends in real life are more important．
C.28% polled said they had the same number of online friends as other 66%．
D.28% polled have the same number of real life friends and net friends．
43．What does the underlined word"respondents"in Paragraph 4refer to？D
A．researchers
B．people
C．reporters
D．teenagers
44．Which of the following best conveys Dr Emma Short's view？C
A．The online friends teenagers meet in person are worrying．
B．It's easy for 15-year-olds to make online friends．
C．It's difficult for adolescents to identify online friends and risk．
D．The conversation with your virtual friends is helpful．
45．What is the writer's attitude towards teenagers meeting up with online friends？C
A．Negative．
B．Positive．
C．Neutral．
D．Tolerant．

17．People with mentally taxing jobs，including lawyers and graphic designers，may end up having better memory in old age，research suggests．
A study of more than 1，000Scottish 70-year-olds found that those who had had complex jobs scored better on memory and thinking tests．
One theory is that a more stimulating environment helps build up a"cognitive reserve"to help buffer the brain against age-related decline．The research was reported in Neurology．
The team，from Heriot-Watt University，in Edinburgh，is now planning more work to look at how lifestyle and work interact to affect memory loss．Those taking part in the study took tests designed to assess memory，processing speed and general thinking ability，as well as filling in a questionnaire about their working life．
The analysis showed that those whose jobs had required complex skills in dealing with data or people，such as management and teaching，had better scores on memory and thinking tests than those who had done less mentally intense jobs such as factory workers，bookbinders，or carpet layers．
While the study did not look at biological reasons for the protective effect of certain jobs，potential explanations include that structural changes within the brain mean less damage is accumulated over time．
Study leader Dr Alan Gow said："Our findings have helped to identify the kinds of job demands that preserve memory and thinking later on．""However，"He added，"while it is true that people who have higher cognitive abilities are more likely to get more complex jobs，there still seems to be a small advantage gained from these complex jobs for later thinking skills．"
Dr Simon Ridley，head of research at Alzheimer's Research UK，said the study added to the growing evidence about factors that affected brain health as we aged．
"Keeping the brain active throughout life could be helpful and different types of work may play a role．However，it's important to note that this study points to a small and subtle association between occupation and later-life cognition rather than offering proof that people's occupation has a direct influence．"

36．According to the research，who may have the best memory in old age？B
A．Taxi drivers．
B．Computer programmers．
C．Supermarket cashiers．
D．Motor mechanics．
37．Which of the following about the research work is TRUE？D
A．The research team studied both environmental and biological factors．
B．The researchers filled in a questionnaire about their working life．
C．The research objects included people from various jobs and of different ages．
D．The research is helpful to the study of brain health and is still under way．
38．What Dr Alan Gow said implies thatC．
A．their findings are helpful to identifying the kinds of job demands
B．people who do more complex jobs may benefit later thinking skills greatly
C．there exist links between job demands and preservation of memory
D．he didn't confirm the links between complex jobs and later thinking skills
39．We can learn from Dr Simon Ridley thatA．
A．different occupations may make a difference in keeping the brain active
B．people's occupation has a direct influence on later-life cognition
C．the study added more evidence about the factors affecting aging
D．the study denied the association between jobs and later-life memory
40．What is the best title of the passage？B
A．Aging affects brain health
B．Complex jobs may protect memory
C．Occupations influence aging
D．Complex jobs demand complex skills．

16．Speed-reading is an indispensable skill in the Internet age．We skim over articles，e-mails and tweets to try to grasp key words and the essential meaning of a certain text．Bombarded with information from our electronic devices，it would be impossible to cope（应付）if we read word by word，line by line．
But a new trend calls on people to unplug and enjoy reading slowly，listing benefits beyond intellectual stimulation．
A recent story from The Wall Street Journal reported on a book club in Wellington，New Zealand，where members meet in a cafe and turn off their smart phones．They sink into cozy chairs and read in silence for an hour．
Unlike traditional book clubs，the point of the Slow Reading Club isn't exchanging ideas about a certain book，but to get away from electronic devices and read in a quiet，relaxed environment．According to the Journal，the Wellington book club is just one example of a movement initiated （发起） by book lovers who miss the old-fashioned way of reading before the Internet and smart phones．
Slow readers，such as The Atlantic's Maura Kelly，say a regular reading habit sharpens the mind，improves concentration，reduces stress levels and deepens the ability to empathize．
Some of these benefits have been backed up by science．For example，a study of 300elderly people published by the journal Neurology last year showed that regular engagement in intellectually strenuous activities like reading slowed the rate of memory loss later in life．
Slow reading means a return to an uninterrupted pattern in a quiet environment free of distractions．"Aim for 30minutes a day，"advises Kelly from The Atlantic．"You can squeeze in that half hour pretty easily if only during your free moments-whenever you find yourself automatically firing up your laptop to check your favorite site，or scanning Twitter for something to pass the time-you pick up a meaningful work of literature，"Kelly said．"Reach for your e-reader，if you like．Kindles make books like War and Peace less heavy，not less substantive（真实的），and also ensure you'll never lose your place．"

26．We prefer speed-reading becauseC．
A．we rely on e-mail and tweets too much
B．we are busier than before
C．we have to read faster to get more infoumation
D．we do not enjoy radeing any more
27．The aim of setting the Slow Reading Club is to encourage people toD．
A．share their ideas about a certain book
B．read old_fasnioned books
C．read as many books as possible
D．to enjoy slow reading
28．We can learn from the passage thatB
A．the benefits of regular reading hasn′t been peoved．
B．for elderly people，a good reading habit helps slow memory loss．
C．speed reading can improve concentation and reduce stresslevets
D．more elderly people enjoy slow reading now
29．According to the last paragraph，a kindle is probablyA．
A．a software for downloading e-books
B．a software that helps people read slowly
C．a website for people to exchange books
D．a website for people to share their ideas about a book
30．What can be the best title of the passage？B
A．Enjoy Speed reading
B．Enjoy Slow reading
C．Enjoy Effective reading
D．Enjoy Online Reading．

15．A rumor（传言） of treasures has some villagers dreaming of wealth，while others see it as a cheat．It's said that in the 1800s a white man left treasures inside the caves．
This system of caves has become the center of excitement in the village of Maraigushu，near Naivasha，Kenya．It is not clear where the rumor came from，but some locals here believe white settlers hid gold and other precious metals in the cave many years ago．
Local villager Edward Maina says the rumors have brought a lot of treasure hunters flooding into town to dig in the caves．Villagers say the original treasure seekers entered the cave nearly two months ago before being arrested by police．Local governments closed up the entrance，but they broke back in．
While neither gold nor silver have been found yet，but another important resource was found：water．Many rely on a natural spring coming from the cave and local officials，among them Ward Councilor Gaka Mwaniki，worry the digging could cut off or pollute the supply．"We've seen ourselves there's nothing in those caves．The cave is natural．It's the water table that they're interfering with，"says Mwaniki．
Local resident James Mbugua Njenga wants the situation brought under control．
"If at all there's treasure inside there，let the government come and dig and protect the water table，"says Njenga．
It might be true，it might be a cheat．Whatever the case，treasure hunters continue to be drawn to the mystery of the caves．

32．What did the treasure hunters do after the entrance was closed up？C
A．They looked for another cave．
B．They gave up and went home．
C．They entered the cave again．
D．They fought against the police．
33．When did the treasure hunters begin to break into the cave？D
A．In the 1800s．
B．Many years ago．
C．In spring．
D．Nearly 2months ago．
34．Mwaniki are worried that the digging may causeA．
A．the pollution to the water
B．the loss of the treasure
C．the flood in the village
D．the terrible weather
35．The underlined phrase"interfering with"in Paragraph 4probably meansD．
A．taking pride in
B．taking care of
C．make searching for
D．causing harm to．

14．Gesture may mean something pleasant in one culture，but is highly opposite in another．
Once a man visited a local restaurant in a foreign country．He ordered something on the menu．When the waiter brought him a plate of delicious-looking fried noodles，he smiled and made an OK sign at the waiter with his thumb（大拇指） and forefinger（食指） linked in a circle．Looking angry，the waiter then picked up the dish and thrown it to his lap．What he did wrong，he wondered．Well，actually the reason is that this sign has quite different meanings in different countries．It means‘OK'，‘good'to Englishmen，French understands it as‘zero'or‘worthless'，while Japanese would read it as‘money'．And don't show this to a Northern Greek．About 2000years ago，ancient Greek have been found showing this gesture as a sexual insult（性侵犯）．It is still thought the same way today．
The gesture‘thumb-up'is also commonly translated differently．In English，it is popularly known as‘OK'．But to most Europeans，it signals the number 1，since they count from 1to 5beginning with the thumb for 1and ending with the little finger at number 5．While American，British and Australian would use the thumb up to show someone needs a ride on the road．
For another example，in Columbia，when describing height，people must choose different gestures depending on whether he is talking about a human being or an animal．If he keeps the palm（手掌） of the hand parallel（平行） to the floor，as he would in his own culture when making known the height of a child for example，he will very likely be greeted by laughter．In Columbia，this gesture is made for the description of animals．

28．What does the OK signal mean to Japanese？D
A．Good． B．Zero． C．Worthless． D．Money．
29．Why did the waiter in the second paragraph get angry？C
A．The man didn't like the food he ordered．
B．The waiter brought the wrong food．
C．The waiter misunderstood the customer．
D．The man had a fight with the waiter．
30．Which gesture may Americans use to ask for a ride？A
A．Thumb-up． B．Bow． C．Hand-shaking． D．Keeping-the-palm-up．
31．What's the best title of the article？B
A．Funny stories about gestures．
B．Gestures in different cultures．
C．Interesting things around the world．
D．Travel around the world．

13．We Chinese are not big huggers．A handshake or a pat on the shoulder is enough to convey our friendship or affection to one another．So when our newly-acquainted Western friends reach out in preparation for a hug，some of us feel awkward．Many questions go through our head．Where should I put my arms？What distance should I maintain？Should our chests touch？
But it isn't just people from cultures that are conservative in expressing physical contact who find hugging confusing．Hugs can cause discomfort or even distress in people who value their personal space．
In a recent article for The Wall Street Journal，US psychologist Peggy Drexler said that although the US remains a"medium touch"culture，Americans do seem to be hugging more．From politicians to celebrities，hugs are given to friends，strangers and enemies alike，whether they are willing or not；and the public has been quick to pick up the practice．
Public figures know that nothing expresses likeability（亲和力）like a good hug．US First Lady Michelle Obama has put her arms around icy foreign leaders like Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev and the Queen of England．Pop superstar Lady Gaga is also a hug enthusiast，telling her fans that"I will always，always，try my very best to wrap my arms around you when I meet you．"
But not all are grateful to be hugged，even by the most influential and famous．To them，any hug is offensive if it's not sincere．Amanda Hess，writing for US magazine Slate，says public figures should stop imposing hugs on everyone they meet．For them，a hug is rarely a gesture of sincere fellowship，compassion or affection．It's all part of a show．

28．Chinese people don't enjoy hugs becauseA．
A．they are conservative in physical touch
B．they don't know how to hug correctly
C．they think a handshake is the best way to convey friendship
D．they feel awkward to communicate with westerners
29．Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase"pick up the practice"？B
A．Enjoy the medium touch culture．    B．Follow the trend．
C．Give hugs to enemies．              D．Resist physical touch．
30．Public figures like giving hugs toD．
A．obtain public support    B．show sincere friendship
C．express enthusiasm       D．win fellowship or affection
31．What can we learn from the last paragraph？D
A．People are grateful to hugs of any kind．
B．A hug is a gesture of friendship．
C．A famous person's hug is usually sincere．
D．An insincere hug is a part of show．

12．Over the years I've been teaching my grandchildren about a simple but powerful concept-the ant philosophy（哲学）．I think everybody shoulcl study ants．
They have an amazing four-part philosophy，and here is the first part：Ants never quit．
If they're headed somewhere and you try to stop them，they'll look for another way．They'll climb over，or around．They keep looking for another way to get where they're supposed to go．What a great philosophy．
Second，ants think summer all winter．That's an unportant perspective（观点）．You can't be so childish as to think summer will last forever．So ants are gathering their winter food in the middle of summer．
The third part of the ant philosophy is that ants thiiik winter all summer．That is so significant．During the winter ants remind themselves，"This won't last long；we'll soon be out of here．"And on the first warm day，the ants are out．lf it turns cold again，they'II dive back down，but then they come out on the first warm day．They can't wait to get out．
And here's the last part of the ant philosophy．How much will an ant gather during the summer to prepare for the winter？All he possibly can．What an incredible philosophy，the"all-you-possibly-can"philosophy．
Wow．u：hat a great lecture to attend-the ant seminar!

21．Which of the four parts of the ant philosophy means"look aheacl"？C
A．The last part．    B．The third part．
C．The second part． D．The first part．
22．The fourth paragraph mainly tells abouA．
A．Stay positive   B．Spare no effort
C．Never give up   D．Do all you can
23．Which of the follow-ing might be the best title for the text？B
A．The Ant Life      B．The Ant Philosophy
C．The Ant Team ork  D．The Ant University．

11．A student is learning to speak British English．He wonders （想知道）：Can I communicate with Americans？Can they understand me？Learners of English often ask：What are the differences between British and American English？How important are these differences？
Certainly!there are some differences between British and American English．There are a few differences in grammar．For example，speakers of British Englishish say"in hospital!"and"Have you a pen？"Americans say"in the hospital!"and"Do you have a pen？"．Pronunciation is sometimes different．Americans usually sound theirs in words like"bird"and"hurt"．Speakers of Birtish English do not sound theirs in these words．There differences between British and American English in spelling and vocabulary．For erample，"colour"and"honour"are British，"color"and"honor"are American．
These differences in grammar，pronunciation，spelling and vocabulary are not important，however．For the most part，British and American English are the same language．

33．According to this passage，a student who is learning to speak American English might be afraid thatA．
A．British people cannot understand him
B．American people cannot understand him
C．the grammar is too hard for him
D．the spelling is too hard for him
34．American English and British English are different inD．
A．spelling B．pronunciation C．grammar D．all of the above
35．What is not mentioned （提及） in the passage？C
A．Whether there are differences between British English and American English．
B．Whether British English and American English are one language or two．
C．How the differences between British English and American English came about．
D．How important the differences are．

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