7．Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn inco——青夏教育精英家教网—

7．Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn income．This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment，so it includes employers and the self-employed．Labor is one of the country's resources which can be combined with other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by the community．
Although the size of the workforce depends a great deal on the size of the total population，there are several other influences which also affect it．The age distribution （分布） of the total population has a very marked effect on the available workforce．If the population has a high proportion of very young people or of those too old to work，then the available workforce would be lower than if there were a balanced spread age distribution．If the population naturally grows rapidly，the number of births greatly exceeds （超出） the number of deaths then as a total population increases proportion of the workforce declines．
Sometimes a population is described as aging which means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly，and as people retire from the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to replace those who are leaving it．In that situation the population is top-heavy with older people．So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate．
The age distribution of the population has several important effects on the economy．If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce，this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a reasonable level of social services to the retired group．If the aged are to be cared for in special homes，finance must be available for that purpose．If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total population，then the government tax revenue （税收） is relatively low and either the government has less money available to it or workforce members have to be taxed more heavily．
43．In the passage"labor force"is defined asA．
A．people who are available to work and earn income
B．self-employed people who have the ability to work
C．people who are looking for an employment
D．employers who have created job opportunities
44．From the second paragraph we can draw the conclusion thatB．
A．a natural growth of population always leads to a balanced workforce
B．a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce
C．the larger the population is，the higher the proportion of the workforce will be
D．the workforce will be lower if the population has a balanced age distribution
45．When a population is said to be aging，A．
A．there are more people retiring than those entering the workforce
B．the birth rate in the area must be lower than that of death there
C．there should be an oversupply of the workforce members
D．there are more people entering the workforce than those retiring．

6．shelter庇护；避难所．

5．Pacing and Pausing
Sara tried to befriend her old friend Steve's new wife，but Betty never seemed to have anything to say．While Sara felt Betty didn't hold up her end of the conversation，Betty complained to Steve that Sara never gave her a chance to talk．The problem had to do with expectations about pacing and pausing．
Conversation is a turn-taking game．When our habits are similar，there's no problem．But if our habits are different，you may start to talk before I'm finished or fail to take your turn when I'm finished．That's what was happening with Betty and Sara．
It may not be coincidental that Betty，who expected relatively longer pauses between turns，is British，and Sara，who expected relatively shorter pauses，is American．Betty often felt interrupted by Sara．But Betty herself became an interrupter and found herself doing most of the talking when she met a visitor from Finland．And Sara had a hard time cutting in on some speakers from Latin America or Israel．
The general phenomenon，then，is that the small conversation techniques，like pacing and pausing，lead people to draw conclusions not about conversational style but about personality and abilities．These habitual differences are often the basis for dangerous stereotyping （思维定式）．And these social phenomena can have very personal consequences．For example，a woman from the southwestern part of the US went to live in an eastern city to take up a job in personnel．When the Personnel Department got together for meetings，she kept searching for the right time to break in-and never found it．Although back home she was considered outgoing and confident，in Washington she was viewed as shy and retiring．When she was evaluated at the end of the year，she was told to take a training course because of her inability to speak up．
That's why slight differences in conversational style-tiny little things like microseconds of pause-can have a great effect on one's life．The result in this case was a judgment of psychological problems-even in the mind of the woman herself，who really wondered what was wrong with her and registered for  assertiveness training．

8．What did Sara think of Betty when talking with her？C
A．Betty was talkative．
B．Betty was an interrupter．
C．Betty did not take her turn．
D．Betty paid no attention to Sara．
9．According to the passage，who are likely to expect the shortest pauses between turns？B
A．Americans．
B．Israelis．
C．The British．
D．The Finns．
10．We can learn from the passage thatC．
A．communication breakdown results from short pauses and fast pacing
B．women are unfavorably stereotyped in eastern cities of the US
C．one's inability to speak up is culturally determined sometimes
D．one should receive training to build up one's confidence
11．The underlined word"assertiveness"in the last paragraph probably meansD．
A．being willing to speak one's mind
B．being able to increase one's power
C．being ready to make one's own judgment
D．being quick to express one's ideas confidently．

4．----Anything more to speak before the meeting is over？
----No more，but there is something more I stick toto make （make） the concerned consumers comfortable with the our scheme．

3．There will be no possibility of the government's economic planbeing revised （ revise ） again before it is put into practice．

2．The Shanghai Disneylandto be opened（ open） soon，the authorities are struggling to devise some feasible measures to guarantee its operation．

1．Difficult as the sales decline isto control （ control ），we're optimistic about an immediate improvement under the new regulating policy．

20．The team，having attempted（attempt） to climb the world's second tallest mountain twice，finally decided to give up．

19．Students in our school are preparing for the annual sports meeting to be held next week； I would rather itdidn't rain（ not rain）．

18．The tourist attraction was terrible，and not at all what wehad been led（lead） to expect in the previous advertisement．

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