17．What are feelings for?Most nonscientists will find it a strange question．Feelings justify themsel——青夏教育精英家教网—

17．What are feelings for？Most nonscientists will find it a strange question．Feelings justify themselves．Emotions give meaning and depth to life．They exist without serving any other purposes．On the other hand，many evolutionary biologists acknowledge some emotions primarily for their survival function．For both animals and humans，fear motivates the avoidance of danger，love is necessary to care for the young，and anger prepares one to hold ground．But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that．Other scientists have regarded the same behavior as conditioning and learned responses．Certainly reflexes（反射） and fixed action patterns can occur without feeling or conscious thought．A baby seagull pecks（啄） at a red spot on the bill（喙） of its parent．The seagull parent feeds its baby when pecked on the bill and the baby gets fed．The interaction need have no emotional content．
At the same time，there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content．In mammals that have given birth including humans，milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries．This is not under intended control but it is reflex．Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love．Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive．Yet since reflexes exist and conditioned behavior is widespread，measurable，and observable，most scientists try to explain animal behavior by using only these concepts．It is simpler．
Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit science's methods most easily，scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones．Scientific orthodoxy （正统） holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist，or is unworthy of serious attention．But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable．They are just more difficult for the scientific method to check on in the usual ways，so cleverer and more skillful approaches are called for．Most branches of science are more willing to make successive evaluation of what may prove ultimately unknowable，rather than ignoring it altogether．

72．The example of the baby seagull pecking the parent's bill is used to support thatB．
A．it is an inborn ability for adults to look after the young
B．behaviors can be learned and involve no emotions
C．emotions are of great importance for survival
D．it takes time for animals to be conditioned
73．Which of the following can be learned from the passage？C
A．Breast-feeding a baby is conditioned or reflective but have no emotional connection．
B．Reflexes and conditioning will lead to a better understanding of animal emotions．
C．Scientists usually apply reflexes and conditioning in explaining animal behaviors．
D．Many evolutionary biologists believe that emotions are to some degree for survival．
74．To study animal emotions，scientists shouldC．
A．analyze human emotions
B．distinguish what is emotional
C．set up improved experiments
D．learn from animal behaviorists
75．What is the author's main purpose of writing this passage？A
A．To illustrate that emotions are worth our attention．
B．To compare human emotions with animal emotions．
C．To discuss the importance and usefulness of emotions．
D．To explain what reflexive and conditioned behaviors are．

16．

69．If the use of a new word is known to only a restricted group of people，it willD．
A．stand the test of time
B．have a decent history of use
C．be included in the dictionary
D．be rejected temporarily
70．Which of the following is not a necessary step of the new word inclusion process？B
A．Researching the word．
B．Consulting users．
C．Crafting the entry．
D．Sourcing new words．
71．What is the purpose of presenting this graph？C
A．To encourage people to use the online database．
B．To promote the new version of dictionary．
C．To respond to people's request about the word inclusion process．
D．To inform people of the new words to be included in the dictionary．

15．The computer keyboard helped kill shorthand---a system of rapid handwriting，and now it's threatening to finish off handwriting as a whole．When handwritten essays were introduced on the SAT exams for the class of 2011，just 15% of the most 1.5million students wrote their answers in cursive （草写字母）．The rest？Block letters．
And those college hopefuls are just the first edge of a wave of US students who no longer get much handwriting instructions in the primary grades，frequently 10minutes a day or less．As a result，more and more students struggle to read and write cursive．
At Keene Mill Elementary School in Springfield，all their poems and stories are typed．Children in Fairfax County schools are taught keyboarding beginning in kindergarten．Older students who never mastered handwriting say it doesn't affect their grades．
There are those who say the culture is at a crossing，turning from the written word to the typed one．If handwriting becomes a lost form of communication，does it matter？
It was at University of Virginia that researchers recently discovered a previously unknown poem by Robert，written in his unique script．Handwritten documents are more valuable to researchers，historians say，because their authenticity （真实性）can be confirmed．Students also find them more fascinating．
The loss of handwriting also may be a cognitive （认知的）opportunity missed．Several academic studies have found that good handwriting skills at a young age can help children express their thoughts better-a lifelong benefit．
It doesn't take much to teach better handwriting skills．At some schools in Prince George's County，elementary school students use a program called Handwriting Without Tears for 15minutes a day．They learn the correct formation of manuscript letters through second grade，and cursive letters in third grade．
There are always going to be some kids who struggle with handwriting because of their particular neurological （神经系统的）wiring，learning issues or poor motor skills．Educators often point to this factor in support of keyboarding．

43．What is the author concerned about after 2011SAT exams？B
A．Keyboarding
B．Handwriting
C．Shorthand
D．Block letters
44．A poem by Robert mentioned in the passage is used toC．
A．show how unique his poem is
B．explain what a famous poet he is
C．prove how valuable handwriting is
D．stress how fascinating the documents are
45．The example of Handwriting Without Tears helps to argue thatD．
A．the schools are responsible for the loss of handwriting
B．the loss of handwriting is a cognitive opportunity missed
C．the culture is turning from the written word to the typed one
D．it doesn't take much to teach better handwriting skills
46．According to the author，when is a perfect time to learn handwriting？A
A．Primary school．
B．Kindergarten．
C．High school．
D．College．

14．A father in Wuhan，nicknamed"Eagle Dad"for his controversial parenting style，has dismissed critics'claims that he pushes his 4-year-old son too hard．
Police officer Wang Shaoyan came under the spotlight this month after his child took part in an 18-kilometer race in the Hubei provincial capital．
Some parents attacked his methods of extreme physical training，while others reacted strongly to his admission that he regularly exposes the youngster to cold showers．"I just want my son to reach his full potential，"Wang said，adding that 4-year-old son not only runs 3km every day he also takes cold showers from time to time to strengthen his body's resistance and willpower．
"He has never taken any sick leave from kindergarten，"he said proudly．However，some parents find his methods too extreme．
"I'm not sure a 4-year-old is prepared for such intense training，"said Zhang Ruxia a woman who gave birth to two boys in October in Tianjin．"You can have good intentions to train your child at an early age but you also have to consider whether he can take it．"Wang responded by saying children are too young to make decisions，and it is up to parents to lead them on the right path．
"I read many materials before and the whole process is step-by-step without pushing or imposing on my son，"Wang said．The father said he was not acting rashly but following a scientific way of education．He said the doubts about his methods reflect the declining standards of modern education．
"Many people in Japan give their children cold showers too，and no one is fussing about it，"he said．The traditional way of education applied by most of his peers might not necessarily help bring the best out of a child he said．
Wang said in addition to the physical training，he has also laid out a detailed and particular program to strengthen the intelligence of the child．"I have hired some university students to expand his knowledge in natural sciences，while playing the video for English-language teaching as well，"he said．

31．For what reason was Wang made known to the public？B
A．He employed some college students to teach his son．
B．He made his kid take a long distance race．
C．He exposed his 4-year-old to cold showers．
D．He forced his youngster to run 3km every day．
32．Which statement is supported by the parents who hold the opposite opinion？D
A．Extreme physical training can explore children's full potentials．
B．Taking cold showers regularly is beneficial for children's development．
C．It's up to parents to lead children on the right path．
D．The way to educate children should agree with their age．
33．What does the phrase"fussing about"probably mean in the 8^th paragraph？D
A．Minding about．
B．Paying attention to．
C．Laughing at．
D．Talking about．
34．In Eagle Dad's opinion，his extreme parenting was questioned becauseC．
A．he didn't take it step by step in a scientific way
B．the highly tense work-out was misunderstood
C．modern education is not challenging enough
D．some parents were jealous of his success．

13．If I enough time，I will go to Hawaii for my holiday．（　　）

12．My mother seemed to be able to make dolls out of anything．She made some dolls for me and my two elder sisters．I（21）D playing with them，but still，secretly，I hoped for a store-bought（22）A like the one our rich cousin had．Her doll（23）C open and close its blue glass eyes and even say"Mamma"．I（24）B stopped admiring it and hoping to have one．
However，my dream（25）D came true when I was six．One day my father came back from his business trip with three（26）C dolls!They were much smaller than our cousin's doll and their eyes were just painted ones，but I did not （27）A such differences．They were
（28）B"store-bought"dolls．We each chose one and I named （29）D Misako．
Soon my sisters and I became devoted （30）D．Our"children"kept us （31）B all day．We gave them a bath，（32）C them，brushed their hair，took them out for a walk and put them to bed．Several months later，they got more like real children-their （33）A and bodies became dirtier，their dresses got stained； their hair less smooth．
But，by then，（34）C interests seemed to have moved into （35）B toys．Their dolls were abandoned and in bad condition．One had （36）A one of her arms，and （37）A was one-legged．"You can （38）B them if you want，"my sisters said to me．Thus，I had （39）D dolls．They were more or less handicapped（残疾）and they often looked at me as if they needed me to （40）D them．I enjoyed this feeling of being needed-being the only one in the world who could protect them with a lot of love．Indeed，they made the rest of my childhood days very happy．

21．A．wanted	B．expected	C．hoped	D．enjoyed
22．A．doll	B．toy	C．girl	D．baby
23．A．might	B．should	C．could	D．dared
24．A．often	B．never	C．sometimes	D．seldom
25．A．immediately	B．firstly	C．hardly	D．finally
26．A．beautiful	B．lovely	C．store-bought	D．new
27．A．care about	B．dream about	C．think about	D．worry about
28．A．total	B．real	C．like	D．true
29．A．my	B．one	C．them	D．mine
30．A．sisters	B．fathers	C．friends	D．mothers
31．A．free	B．busy	C．hard	D．tired
32．A．wore	B．put on	C．dressed	D．washed
33．A．faces	B．legs	C．arms	D．hands
34．A．my	B．their	C．my sisters'	D．my doll's
35．A．tiny	B．different	C．curious	D．humorous
36．A．lost	B．wounded	C．cut	D．damaged
37．A．the other	B．another	C．it	D．other
38．A．look out for	B．take care of	C．pay attention to	D．have a look at
39．A．two	B．few	C．many	D．three
40．A．teach	B．feed	C．satisfy	D．help