9．Junk is everywhere.even in space．But getting rid of space junk is much harder than simply cleaning——青夏教育精英家教网—

9．Junk is everywhere，even in space．But getting rid of space junk is much harder than simply cleaning your bedroom．Space junk travels at 8 kilometers a second，according to an article in the Guardian．Catching it is a bit of a challenge．
     Luckily，scientists at the Swiss space center have a new cleaning plan．Theyare about to send a"cleaner satellite"into space within the next five year？．It will clean up space junk，according to a report in the Guardian．
     Named"Clean Space One"，the Swiss satellite finds its target and moves close to it．When it reaches its target，it will catch the junk with a gripping claw （抓手）．This is not going to be an easy task because both the satellite and the junk are traveling so fast．
     Once Clean Space One has caught the junk，all it has to do to get rid of it is to fly back to Earth．This is because the junk will bum up when traveling through the atmosphere．The satellite itself will burn up a'，the same time．
     Ever since people started to send objects into space more than 50 years ago，there has been junk in space．Junk on Earth like food wrappers （包装纸）or waste paper is also a problem．But space junk is mainly made up of exploded rockets and broken satellites．If no one cleans them away，they just keep traveling around Earth．
     So far，NASA has found 16.000 pieces of junk that are larger than 10cm in diameter（直径）and more than 500，000 pieces measuring between 1cm and 10cm．You can imagine how many even smaller ones there are in space．
     Space junk is dangerous for spacecraft （飞船） and the International Space Station．Even a very small piece could seriously damage-or even destroy-a satellite or space-craft if it collided （碰撞） with the junk．The International Space Station has to regularly change its orbit to avoid space junk，
     Space junk might also be a danger to humans．During the last four months，three very large spacecraft have fallen to Earth．Fortunately，no one was hurt because the junk landed in the ocean．
45．According to the article，space junkD．
    A．travels at the same speed as satellites
    B．could be cleared away within five years
    C．travels at 8 kilometers per hour
    D．will cause a lot of trouble to space stations
46．What will happen to the space junk if it is not cleaned up？C
    A．It will explode in a few years．
    B．It will drift away from Earth eventually．
    C．It will keep traveling around Earth．
    D．It will gather and become a large mass．
47．Which of the following is TRUE about a"cleaner satellite"？B
    A．The junk is dealt with after it reaches Earth．
    B．Catching space junk is difficult for a satellite．
    C．The'satellite can catch several pieces of junk at once．
    D．The satellite goes back to space after it has finished its task．
48．Which of the following statements is TRUE？A
    A．The history of space junk dates back 50 years．
    B．Space stations travel in the same orbit as the junk．
    C．Space junk is harmless to people on Earth．
    D．It's impossible to stop space junk from colliding with spacecrafts．

8．Languages keeps developing，and English is no exception．It is a language that embraces new words that may be cool today bill gone tomorrow．
     There are，however，some words and phrases that have stood the test of time．OK．which has become the international standard for expressing agreement，is a good example．
     But why is this rather odd expression so popular and so useful when we could use any number of other words to say the same thing？-
     Writing in The Times，Alien Metcalf，author of OK：．The Improbable Story of America's Greatest Word，writes："What OK provided that the others did not was neutrality（中性），a way to express agreement without having to offer an opinion．"
     For example，if someone asks you"Shall we go for a walk after lunch？"you can simply respond"OK"．There you go-no extra opinions．Just straight，plain old OK．
     So just where did this rather curious expression come from？The origins of OK have been widely disputed．Some people have guessed that OK was the name of a person or a product．
     Speakers of many different languages have had their say on this question，keen to claim the term as their own．．
     Writing an article for London's Metro newspaper，Metcalf states；"0 arid K are present in every language of the world，as expressions that can be abbreviated（缩写） OK．"For example； French-"o qu-oui"，"yes indeed"； German-"Ohne Korrektur"，"without correction needed"； and in Latin or Greek，"Olla kalla"．"all good"．
     But，does it sound a little too informal with this popular little expression？
     Apparently not．
     In a speech where he stated that his election would not be a radical （激进的） result to all problems．President Obama said："…？even though I am president…，AI-Qaida is still a threat and that we cannot pretend somehow that because Barack Hussein Obama got elected as president，suddenly everything's going to be OK，"he said．
     So，there you go，straight from the president．It's OK to say OK，and thanks to the expression's widespread usage across the world，you can be understood anywhere．
41．What is the article mainly about？B
A．The origin of OK．
B．Popularity of OK across the world．
C．A debate over the usage of OK．
D．The development of the English language．
42．According to Alien Metcalf，OK differs from other terms to express agreement in thatC．
A．it is easiest to say
B．it is the most commonly used
C．it doesn't involve emotion
D．it is the most informal and casual
43．The underlined word"disputed"in Paragraph 6 probably meansD，
A．understood     B．agreed       C．believed       D．argued
44．Using the example of Obama，the author intends to show thatA
A．OK is widely used even on formal occasions
B．Obama likes to use'OK when he speaks
C．there is still a long way to go to defeat AI-Qaida
D．the use of OK is encouraged in formal speech and in documents．

7．近年来我市大力打造旅游产业，以此推动经济的发展．现请你根据表格内容，谈谈你的看法并就此提出建议．

主要优点	促进交流，了解我市历史文化；提供就业机会，推动经济发展．
负面影响	破坏环境，造成污染；游客大量涌入，引起交通堵塞．
你的建议	…

6．Contrary to most people's idea，the air in Coastal cities can be far from fresh and healthful，said a report recently published．
University of California Professor Mark Thiemens led the research team．His team．report blames ships that release dirty smoke by burning low-cost，high-sulfur （硫横）fuel．They directly measured smoke released from a ship．They also tested air at the end of the Scripps Pier （码头）．The area is just north of San Diego，which is both a major city and port．The Scripps Pier is also close to waters with heavy shipping traffic and the city of Los Angeles．Los Angeles has the third largest port in the world．
Primary sulfate （硫酸盐）is produced when a ship burns fuel called bunker oil．Bunker oil contains a Large amount of sulfur．Most sulfur released by ships burning bunker oil is a gaseous pollutant-sulfur dioxide．After a time，sulfur dioxide becomes sulfate in the atmosphere．The researchers say this primary sulfate may be only a small part of what ships produce．
Professor Thiemens said no one had really expected that ships would be responsible for so many，particulates （微粒）．He said the extremely small particles （撤粒）are especially threatening．They measure only one and one half microns in size．，A micron is one millionth of a meter．
The researchers say the particulates can travel long distances because they stay in the atmosphere longer than other pollutants．Professor Thiemens noted that the air of Los Angeles influenced air quality in San Die-go．That distance is almost 180 kilometers．，
Primary sulfur particulates can also threaten human health．When people breathe，the particulates stay in their lungs．Other scientists have said that up to 60，000 people around the world die each year from dirty ship smoke．
Other gaseous pollutants from ships include nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide．Earlier this year，a United Nations'report said gases from ships produce more than one billion tons of carbon dioxide every year．Ships are not governed under the Kyoto Protocol，the agreement that establishes limits for gases linked to climate change．But international rules requiring ship fuels that burn cleanly are to become effective in 2015．
57．What is the main idea of the passage？B
A．Coastal cities are ideal places to live in．
B．The air quality in coastal cities is worrying．
C．Cleaner-burning fuels are welcome in ships．
D．The world's oceans'ecosystem is far from satisfactory．
58．It is generally thought thatA
A．the air in coastal cities'is very fresh and healthful
B．the air in coastal cities is badly polluted
C．ships are responsible for so many particulates
D．extremely small particles are harmless
59．Gaseous pollutants from ships mentioned in the passage includeC
A．sulfate，nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide
B．carbon dioxide and small particles
C．sulfur dioxide，nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide
D．sulfate and micron
60．We can draw the conclusion thatD
A．the Kyoto Protocol is an agreement related to sea fish hunting
B．bunker oil has already been banned in passenger ships
C．urgent action should be taken to reduce the number of ships
D．cleaner-burning fuels should be encouraged to be used in tankers and passenger ships．

5．English as a second language （ESL） websites for children can help build vocabulary，teach correct spelling and pronunciation of words，and assist．with basic grammar such as understanding sentence structure，parts of．speech，tenses，and singular and plural word forms．English learning websites for children include：
•ESL Kid is an organized website that serves as a comprehensive directory of English as a second language resources for children，teachers，and parents．There are categories for different subjects，such as ABC games，dictionary，spelling，literature and music．Since this is just a directory，parents should help children explore the sites linked to it．
•MES Games has several categories of interactive games．Some games are more suited to younger children and beginning learners，such as the vocabulary building games in which players must first listen to a spoken word and then identify the correct items．More advanced children will enjoy online sport games based on grammar concepts that go with multiple choice questions．
•ESL Kids Lab has many resources for helping children learn English as a second language．These include free video English lessons categorized by grade level，ideas for games，and printable worksheets．However，the inferiority of this website is also obvious-it contains lots of advertisements．
•ESL Kid Stuff has a variety of resources，including a list of select online English learning games and song lyric sheets．Downloading worksheets and flashcards requires a yearly membership fee，however．
•English Interactive lets children and beginning ESL students click on words to hear their pronunciation and build essential vocabulary skills．After viewing the words，students can try an interactive quiz．
•English Vocabulary Games has a variety．of interactive games designed to help ESL children build vocabulary．
52．The best title for this passage would beD．
A．Children Enjoy Learning English Online
B．Children Learn English Through Games
C．Welcome to MES Games
D．ESL Websites for Children
53．According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE about ESL Kid？B
A：It contains different courses for both children and adults．
B．It only provides useful websites for learning English．．
C．Besides learning materials，music can be available on it．
D．Without parents，children cannot open the sites it provides．
54．The underlined word"inferiority"in Paragraph 4 would probably mean"D"
A convenience       B．popularity
C．influence      D．disadvantage
55．According to the passage，which of the following provides chargeable service？C
A．MES Games
B．ESL Kids Lab
C．ESL Kid Stuff
D．English Interactive
56．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage？A
A．There are ABC games played with music．
B．Grammar exercises can be available online．
C．There are free video resources for learners．
D．Learners can find word-related online games．

4．Society is the term to describe human beings gathered together by social networks t and power networks．It does not refer to everything everybody thinks or does，but，only refer to those things that everybody depends upon，for example，public services，governments，and all kinds of communities．
A society must keep even the poorest and weakest members willing to help even the richest and strongest，so it is very concerned with citizenship，rights，ethics （伦理）and time limits．These are basic ways to achieve fairness．If they break down badly，people will think the society is unfair and start taking things from each other，refusing to help each other，or seeing those who have more as cheats．
When this happens，it is time for the society to break down or fail．Theft，violence and war are things that can make a society break down．A new society may be formed out of the collapse （崩溃）of an old failed one when people of different kinds reach an agreement about fairness and are willing to live together in harmony again．
To adapt to the society，people should make sure that their behavior can be supported by the society，that is to say，there must be some social rules on which citizens base what they do．However，some people take risks that the society will support them when they do whatever they intend to．For instance，they may refuse to obey the law，and count on their fellow society members to free them in a court of appeal，which harms the society．
Therefore we need a social contract which sets out rules for the society．One kind of the social contract is a constitution （宪法）-which allows a jury or court to decide what is right or wrong according to the social rules．
48．What makes up a society according to the passage？B
A．Human beings and everything they do and think．
B．Human beings and what they rely on to live．
C．Citizenship，rights，ethics and time limits．，
D．Social fairness，public services and social rules．
49．We know from the passage thatA
A．Social fairness is very important for a society to survive
"B．there must be a war to end an old society and build a new one
C．only the poorest are willing to help the richest in a society
D．the poor people in a society are always cheated by those wealthy ones
50．According to the writer，some people refuse to obey the law becauseC
A．their friends always free them in a court of appeal
B．they believe whatever they do is supported by the society
C．there is no social rule to restrict their behavior
D．they think the society is unfair and going to fail
51．What does the author mean in the last paragraph？B
A．A social contract must be a constitution．
B．Keeping social rules is very important．
C．A society should build more courts．
D．People can't decide what is right without a constitution．

3．Britain's national tourism agency issued guidelines on the etiquette（礼仪）of dealing with the hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors who will he coming to London for the 2012 Summer Olympics．Seeking to help the country's citizens offer a warmer welcome，Its VisitBritain has updated its advice for anyone likely to work with travelers arriving from overseas-from hotel staff to taxi drivers．
"Giving our foreign visitors a friendly welcome is absolutely vital to our economy，"said Sandie Dawe，chief executive officer of the agency．About 30 million people visit Briain each year，spending about 16.6 billion pounds （26billion）．The 2012 Olympics is likely to bring in an additional 2.1 billion pounds（ 3.3 billion） in tourism revenue（收入），according to a government estimate．
The etiquette tips were written by agency staff about their own native countries．Polish toursts are likely to be hurt by stereotypes（老套想法）that imply they drink excessively，while the French are picky in restaurants，the guidelines claim．Belgians take offense at people snapping their fingers while Japanese people consider long time eye contact impolite and smile to express a range of emotions-not simply to show happiness．Guests from China and Hong Kong may find winking or pointing with an index finger rud，the advice claims．Workers are advised against discussing poverty，immigration，earthquakes or the Mexican-American war with visitors from Mexico．Canadian tourists are likely to be quite annoyed about being mistaken for Americans，And Americans？They can appear"informal to the point of being very direct or even rude"and won't ever hesitates about complaining，he guide says．
45．It's estimated that due to the 2012 London Olympics，tourism revenue will be increased byBbillion dollars．
    A．2.1            B．3.3            C．16.6           D．26
46．VisitBritain is most likely to be a/anC．
    A．book intended for overseas tourists
    B．magazine on traveling to Britain
    C．website managed by Britain's national tourism agency
    D．organization attached to the 2012 London Olympics
47．As can be inferred from the passage，A．
    A．there must be Chinese people working in Britain's national tourism agency
    B．a Canadian won't care about his/her nationality
    C．the 2012 London Olympics focuses on developing its tourism
    D．a war once broke out between Mexico and America
48．The third paragraph shows the etiquette tips areD．
    A．polite         B．imaginary      C．mysterious     D．frank．

2．Facebook（脸谱网）类似我们中国的QQ，在成立后很短的时间内，就拥有了众多的用户．Jane 是其中的一名用户，她谈到了Facebook的一些情况．请从下列A、B、C、D、E、F中选出与她的描述相匹配的主题．选项中有一项是多余选项．
A．Facebook's advertising
B．Typical activities on Facebook
C．Suggestions about the future of Facebook
D．Trust with Facebook in personal information
E．Product purchase following Facebook's friends
F．People's attitude towards the development of Facebook
61．B
Jane's description：The most common activity I use Facebook for is to see what people are up to．I like to look through friends'photo albums to see where they've been and who they're with．It's also a nice way to message friends casually.1 created a Facebook group for a certain club，so I just send out messages to the group when a meeting or event is coming up．
62．F
Jane's description：When Facebook was first started，everyone in my age wanted to be on it．The first version didn't have any of the fancy things-we could just message，play poke and befriend．It was too Hat．When they started to add new features like the wall，photo albums，video capabilities，and groups，people became more interested．But then Facebook took it too far．Now I find Facebook has quite a few useless features'prefer an older version of just the basics-messaging，walls，photos-and groups．
63．D
Jane's description：I don't add anything too personal to my profile．My only concern is that friends can post pictures of me that I don't want to share．I download them but they will still be on the Internet．I don't think that's a good idea．I think when you don't want a photo to be shared，it should be deleted from the photo album．
64．E
Jane's description：It wouldn't bother me one bit．It's the same as any other recommendation method．I think it's a good place to sell/buy．You see your friends are into it，so you feel the connection right there-it seems like a great time to make a purchase．If Facebook had this service setup，people could just go on to see what new songs their friends are listening to-one click and they can purchase the songs on music websites，or rent new movies on movie websites etc．
65．C
Jane's description：If Facebook keeps trying to stick in useless applications to attract advertisers，it may sink in the future．But if it allows users to go to music or movie websites directly from their friends profiles，it may become the new social networking search engine that people use to look through their friends stuff when they need advice about what to buy．If they include a feature like favorite stores to shop at，they will definitely expand on the possibilities．

1．WHY do we sometimes struggle with moral dilemmas？Why is it a crime to take certain drugs but it's acceptable to take others？Why is it wrong to create human embryos （胚胎） to cure diseases suffered by millions？Often，we follow rules that bring little benefit and can even be positively harmful．But the rules are not set in stone，so there is nothing to stop us getting rid of those that don't work and putting better ones in their place．Now an experiment suggests that morality isn't entirely about benefits to individuals．We also tend to make and obey arbitrary moral rules，probably as a way of promoting social consolidation （巩固）．
A classic psychology experiment called"trolley （电车） experiment"suggests that our minds have two moral systems，and they don't always agree．In the trolley experiment，participants are told that an out-of-control trolley could kill five people on the tracks．They must decide whether to turn it onto a second track with only one person on it．Almost everyone does it，sacrificing one to save five．But if instead you have to push one person off a bridge onto the track to stop the trolley，most people say no．That suggests most of us have a strict rule against killing people directly，even for the greater good．
How are such rules formed？Although people with morality appear to rule out the act of killing in the bridge experiment，most moral behavior in animals appears focused on outcomes-the death of an individual，say-rather than the death of the majority．When an animal experiences harm to help a relative，biologists view this as increasing the chances that the animal's genes will survive．Many psychologists think that human moral rules are an extension of this"kin （亲族） selection"．
Kurzban of the University of Pennsylvania did the experiment further．Kurzban's team gave volunteers changes of the bridge situation．Volunteers were asked what they would do and whether their actions were morally right.85% of them said it would be morally wrong to push one person off to save five，whether these people are brothers or strangers，confirming the idea that there is a rule against killing．However，despite thinking it wrong，28% said they would still push a stranger off to save five，while 47% said they would push a brother off to save five brothers．"They're more likely to do this'less moral¹ thing if it's to save a relative，"Kurzban says，suggesting kin selection is at work as well as the basic"moral rule"against killing．The experiment shows we have at least two parallel systems for deciding right and wrong：one that says some actions，like killing，are bad，and another that tells us to protect kin．So how is this helpful？
Science has made great steps in explaining morality．No longer is it seen as something handed down from on high．Sacrificing yourself so as to protect your kin，for example，can benefit your family genes．Social consolidation demands we have rules，regardless of what they are，to help settle disputes quickly and peacefully．

55．Our moral dilemmas lie in the fact that moral rulesC．
A．can hardly be changed once set
B．are against individual benefits
C．can be harmful as well as beneficial
D．are promoting social consolidation
56．Paragraph Two tells us thatD
A．we should have only one moral system
B．killing one to save five is a good choice
C．we have to push one person off a bridge
D．killing people directly can't be accepted
57．The underlined word rule out has the closest meaning toA
A．reject         B．admit        C．control         D．doubt
58．Which action agrees with"kin selection"？B
A．A father choosing his daughter as a．government official．
B．A deer staying behind its group when hunted by tigers．
C．Two baby monkeys fighting for their mother's feeding．
D．A dog killing a wolf to save its master's sleeping baby．
59．Kurzban's experiment suggests thatD
A．most volunteers are against the idea of killing brothers
B．most people would push a stranger off to save five
C．less moral'thing is right and should be accepted
D．two moral systems that we have seem in conflict
60．According to the passage，the rules of morality are，under some circumstances，D
A．scientific         B．reasonable       C．harmful       D．flexible．

20．These days we are all conditioned to accept newness，whatever it costs．Very soon，there is no doubt that Apple's tablet （平板电脑） will seem as a vital tool of modern living to us as sewing machine did to our grandparents．At least，it will until someone produces an even smarter，thinner and more essential tablet，which，if recent history is any guide，will be in approximately six months'time．Turn your back for a moment and you find that every electronic item in your possession is as old as a tombstone．Why should you care if people laugh just because you use an old mobile phone？But try getting the thing repaired when it goes wrong．It's like walking into a pub and asking for an orange juice．You will be made to feel like some sort of time-traveler from the 1970s．"Why not buy a new one？"you will get asked．
And so the mountain of electrical rubbish grows．An average British person was believed to get rid of quite a number of electronic goods in a lifetime．They weighed three tons，stood 7 feet high，and included five fridges，six microwaves，seven PCs，six TVs，12 kettles，35 mobile phones and so on．Even then，the calculation seemed to be conservative．Only 35 mobiles in a lifetime？The huge number of electronic items now regularly thrown away by British families is clearly one big problem．But this has other consequences．It contributes greatly to the uneasy feeling that modem technology is going by faster than we can keep up．By the time I've learnt how to use a tool it's already broken or lost．I've lost count of the number of TV remote-controls that I've bought，mislaid and replaced without working out what most of the buttons did．
And the technology changes so unbelievably fast．It was less than years ago that I spotted an energetic businessman friend pulling what seemed to be either a large container or a small nuclear bomb on wheels through a railway station．I asked．"What have you got in there？Your money or your wife？""Neither，"he replied，with the satisfied look of a man who knew he was keeping pace with the latest technology，no matter how ridiculous he looked．"This is what everyone will have soon-even you．It's called a mobile telephone．"
I don't feel sorry for the pace of change．On the contrary，I'm amazed by those high-tech designers who can somehow fit a camera，music-player，computer and phone into a plastic box no bigger than a packet of cigarette．If those geniuses could also find a way to keep the underground trains running on the first snowy day of winter，they would be making real progress for human beings．What I do regret，however，is that so many household items fall behind so soon．My parents bought a wooden wireless radio in 1947，the year they were married．In 1973，the year I went to university，it was still working．It sat in the kitchen like an old friend-which，in a way，it was．It certainly spoke to us more than we spoke to each other on some mornings．When my mum replaced it with a new-style radio that could also play cassette-tapes，I felt a real sense of loss．
Such is the over-excited change of 21st-century technology that there's no time to satisfy our emotional needs．Even if Apple's new products turn out to be the most significant tablets I very much doubt if they will resist this trend．

50．When you try getting an old mobile phone repaired，B．
A．you are travelling through time            B．you are thought to be out of date
C．you will find everything wrong             D．you have got to buy a new one
51．Throwing away so much electronic rubbish makes the writer feel quiteA．
A．lost and upset   B．unbelievably fast     C．broken or lost    D．regularly wasteful
52．The example of the businessman implies thatB．
A．the businessman mastered the latest technology
B．mobile phones used to be quite big just years ago
C．the businessman was a very ridiculous person
D．the writer failed to follow modern technology
53．The passage is organized in the pattern ofD
A．time and events       B．comparison and contrast
C．cause and effect     D．examples and analysis
54．Which of the following is conveyed in the passage？D
A．The fast pace of change brings us no good．
B．We have to keep up with new technology．
C．Household items should be upgraded quickly．
D．We should hold on for new technology to last．

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