7．For a sight of an evolving technology that promises to shake video gaming to its foundation，check out"Throw Trucks With Your Mind"．
Unlike most video games，it doesn't rely solely on a mouse．Instead，its players also put on a headset that enables them to throw trucks or other virtual objects simply by thinking．
And that's just for starters．Advocates of so-called neurogaming（交感神经游戏）say the concept in a few years will combine a wide variety of physiological factors，from a player's heart rate and hand gestures to pupil dilation（瞳孔扩张） and emotions．Moreover，they imagine many such games being developed to improve the health，brainpower and skills of those playing them．
The electroencephalography（脑电波仪），or EEG，headset used to throw trucks and other objects onto enemies was made by San Jose，California．-based NeuroSky．It measures separate brainwave frequencies that reflect how focused the player is and how calm they are，according to Lat Ware of Emeryville，California．，who developed the game．The game，which can be purchased at www．throwtrucks．com，costs 25，or99with the headset．
Ware，29，said it's possible to move a pear or other small virtual object if the player is calm，but not focused，or vice versa．But he said both mental states are essential to flatten an enemy with a huge truck，which takes considerable concentration．
Although only a few neurogames have been introduced so far and their action tends to be fairly limited，the games are expected to become far more challenging-and multipurpose-as the software and related technology improves．
One concept being explored is to develop games that adjust their action according to the player's changing emotions．These are measured by such factors as their facial expressions，eye movement and skin-conductance（皮肤导电） levels．Another approach is to make games that influence how the player thinks and feels．
Consider Los Angeles-based Melon，which，like"Throw Trucks With Your Mind，"was recently launched via the online fundraising site Kickstarter．Melon officials say their first game--which challenges players to fold origami（折纸） with their mind，using NeuroSky's EEG headset--helps people"learn how to focus，relax and meditate better．"

78．According to this article，what is the purpose of developing the new kind of gamesTo improvethehealth，brainpowerandskillsofthoseplayingthem？
79．The function of brainwave frequencies measured by EEG made by San Jose is toreflect how focused the player is and how calm they are．．
80．According to Ware，if you want to throw something such as a truck，you must beboth calm and focused．
81．What is the new idea being studied to develop more challenging and multipurpose gamesDeveloping games adjusting players'action according to their changing emotions？
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN ELEVEN WORDS）
6．The herds of bulls and horses depicted running along the walls of the Lascaux caves in France are among the most magnificent examples of prehistoric art ever discovered．
Courage is a quality we cherish．Yet only lately has it been studied systematically to try to define what it is and is not，where it comes from and why we love it so much．"Courage helps to define the excellent person，"write George Kateb，a political theorist at Princeton University．"One of the worst criticism in the world is to be called a coward，a quite timid person．"
For many people，courage is most readily displayed in battle； for example，the brave soldier running into the line of fire to rescue the injured．
Yet George Kateb says that if courage finds its highest expression in war，then the trait （特性） becomes immoral，ennobling killing by insisting that only in battle can people discover the depths of their nobility．Thus，it makes killing a noble thing．
Stanley J Rachman of the University of British Columbia studies paratroopers （伞兵） preparing for their first jump．The work revealed three different groups：the fearless who jumped without hesitation； the timid whose fear kept them from jumping； and finally，the ones who reacted physiologically like the timid but acted like the fearless leaper，and jumped．
Rachman considered the final group courageous，defining courage as"a behavioral approach in spite of the experience of fear"．Thus，courage becomes the property of anyone who does something that he or she fears．
In interviewing 320children aged from 8to 13，Peter Muris of Erasmus University，Rotterdam，of the Netherlands and his colleagues found that children also consider courage as the conquering of one's fears； and more than 70% claimed they had performed brave acts，including stealing money from one's mother's purse．
Joel Berger，a biologist with the Wildlife Conservation Society in Montana，US，also distinguishes between animals that behave bravely due to a lack of awareness and experience，and those that are aware of a danger but proceed anyway．
He recalled the time he and his colleagues had cornered a young bison （野牛） to take blood samples．At that time，an adult male bison was standing guard，refusing to let the scientists approach．"He knew that he could be attacked by us，"said Berger．"I'd call this a courageous，even heroic act．"

78．What does George Kateb think of courage？Courage helps define the excellent person．
79．Why did Rachman think that the third group were courageous？Because they conquered their fears and jumped
80．Peter Muris found that most children demonstrated their courage．by performing bravely and blindly．
81．The writer uses the example of an adult bison to．illustrate/show/prove that animals are also courageous
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS）
5．Directions：After reading the passages below，fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct．For the blanks with a given word，fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word； for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank．
During the summer days my mother built her fire in the shadow of our cabin．In the early morning our simple breakfast （25）was spread （spread） upon the grass．The morning meal was our quiet hour．At noon，several （26）who chanced to be passing by stopped to rest，and to share our luncheon with us．I loved （27）best （well） the evening meal，for that was the time old stories were told．
I was always glad when the sun hung low in the west，for then my mother sent me to invite the neighboring old people to eat supper with us．"Yes，yes，gladly，gladly I shall come!"each replied．My mission done，I ran back，（28）skipping （skip） and jumping with delight．
At the arrival of our guests I sat close to my mother，and did not leave her side．I ate my supper in quiet，listening patiently to the talk of the old people，wishing all the time that they would begin the stories．At last，when I （29）could do not wait any longer，I whispered in my mother's ear，"（30）Ask them to tell an Iktomi story，mother．"
Then my mother said aloud，"My little daughter is anxious to hear your stories．"As each in turn began to tell a legend，I pillowed my head in my mother's lap； and lying flat upon my back，I watched （31）the stars one by one．The increasing interest of the tale aroused me，and I sat up eagerly listening for every word．The old women made funny remarks，and laughed so heartily （32）that I could not help joining them．
4．假设你学校两种学习安排：一是学校为学生安排解答困惑或补习知识遗漏点，二是鼓励学生自己学习解决困难．你会选择哪一种学习方式？请结合实际情况，举例并说明你选择的理由．
3．There was once a family of three sons．The boys were not kind to one．another．In fact，they （11）B   constantly，each one trying'to outdo the others in'some  sort of sport． （12）A，if one boy were building a raft，（13）Dhad to build a canoe． Then the third had to build an even larger and finer boat． Because each of them worked（14）C，their work was difficult，and the results were not al-ways（15）D． Of their three boats，not one was seaworthy．，There was little（16）A  in their home．
Their father despaired． He（17）Bthey would never learn to cooperate． He decided to try to teach them a（18）B．He gathered up a cartful of thin reeds（芦苇）and tied'them together with strong vines（藤）． At dinner，he announced a（an（19）C："Look at this bundle of twigs（嫩枝），"he shouted．"I（20）C you to break it in half，for whoever（21）Bthe secret will win a life of rich rewards．"
The oldest son took the bundle in his （22）Ahands． He was strong，and he used all of his（23）Bto try to break the reeds，but they would not be broken． Finally he gave up，and his younger brother（24）Dthe challenge． He balanced the reeds across the tabletop and used all of his weight to try to break the  bundle，（25）Cit did not break．Finally，he gave up，and the youngest brother took the（26）Abound twigs in his hands．'He，too，struggled with all of his strength to snap the bundle into two pieces，but it would not break．
    Finally，the father took the bundle from them． He．untied the vine that（27）Cthe reeds together．He then divided the bundle into three （28）Bpiles of twigs．¨Now break your twigs into two，"he said． Each boy，one （29）A，did as his father asked． The task was easy． Each bundle broke with hardly any effort．¨When you divide your work，it is easy and you can（30）Dmuch，"the old man said． And with that，the young men understood that alone each of them was weak．But together，they had great strength．
11．A．struggledB． foughtC．laughedD． cried
12．A．For instanceB．  For sureC．In personD．'In fact
13．A．otherB． the otherC．othersD． another
14．A．togetherB． in personC．aloneD． in group
15．A．seaworthyB． trustworthyC． worthlessD． worthwhile
16．A．peaceB． loveC． warD． envy
17．A．believedB． fearedC． realizedD． noticed
18．A．trickB． lessonC． lectureD． skill
19．A．discussionB． argumentC． competitionD． game
20．A．dareB． encourageC． challengeD． urge
21．A．try outB． figure outC． carry outD． take out．
22．A．thickenedB． thinC． softD． skilled
23．A．energyB． strengthC． powerD． force
24．A．put onB． insisted onC． carried onD． took on
25．A．andB． orC． butD． so
26．A．tightlyB． roughlyC． looselyD．toughly
27．A．stuckB． struckC． heldD． tied
28．A．modestB． equalC． averageD． common
29．A．at a timeB． at one timeC． at the timeD． at times
30．A．defeatB． loseC． learnD． accomplish．
2．In a development that would have seemed hardly possible just over a decade ago，many of us have gained constant access to information．If we need to find out the score of a ballgame，learn how to perform a complicated mathematical task，or simply remember the name of the actress in the movie we are viewing，we need only turn to our laptops or smart phones and we can find the answers immediately．It has become such an ordinary practice to look up the answer to any question the moment it occurs．It can feel like going through withdrawal when we can't find out something immediately．We are seldom offline unless by choice and the Internet，with its search engines like Baidu and Google and the information stored there，has become an external （外部的）memory source that we can access at any time．
Storing information externally is nothing particularly new，even before the invention of computers．In any group relationship，people typically develop a transactive （交换式）memory，which is a combination of memory stores held directly by individuals and the memory stores they can access because they are in touch with someone who knows that information．Like linked computers that can address each other's memories，people in groups form transactive memory systems．
In a recent research led by Besty Sparrow of Columbia University，researchers have explored whether having online access to search engines has become a primary transactive memory source in itself．If asked the question whether there are any countries with only one color in their flag，for example，do we think about flags一or immediately think to go online to find out the answer？
In one experiment，the participants were asked to read 40memorable unimportant statements of the type that they could look up online （e．g．，an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain）．Then they were asked to type the statements into computer to assure memory．Half the participants believed the computer would save what was typed and the other half believed the item would be erased．After the reading and typing task，participants wrote down as many of the statements as they could remember．
It turned out that participants who believed the computer would erase what they had typed had better recall than those who regarded the computer as the memory source．
The Internet has become a primary form of transactive memory，and processes of human memory are adapting to the new computing and communication technology．Just as we learn through transactive memory
5
who knows what in our families and offices，we are learning what the computer"knows"and when we should attend to where we have stored information in our computer-based memories．The importance of the information from the Internet is almost equal to that of all the knowledge we gain from our friends and coworkers-and lose if they are out of touch．The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a friend．We must always remain plugged in to know what the Internet knows．

50．Which of the following can best replace the underlined part of the first paragraphB？
A．It is only too common．
B．It is very painful．
C．It gives us pleasure．
D．It makes us curious．
51．We can learn from paragraph 2thatC．
A．transactive memory goes hand in hand with the computer technology
B．transactive memory is shared only when two people don't know each other
C．transactive memory exists long before the invention of the computer
D．transactive memory systems can be developed by an individual independently
52．Which of following is NOT correct about the experiment mentioned in the fourth paragraphD？
A．"The fifth American president is James Monroe"is a statement fit for the experiment．
B．Reading and typing the statement are both intended for strengthening participants'memory．
C．Were the typing to be erased，the computer wouldn't be a reliable memory source for participants any longer．
D．The experiment suggests whether or not to type the information has little effect on our memory．
53．What can we infer from the last paragraphA？
A．We are becoming more and more dependent on the Internet for information．
B．The Internet is causing our brain to function less efficiently．
C．The Internet gives us access to a wide range of information without any disadvantages．
D．The author uses losing the access to the Internet to stress the sadness of losing a friend．
54．What is the author's tone in the last paragraphC？
A．Approving．
B．Doubtful．
C．Objective．
D．Optimistic．
55．What can we learn from the passageD？
A．Transactive memory is essential to the development of mankind．
B．Search engines make us more curious and enthusiastic about new information．
C．The Internet is the most important form of transactive memory．
D．Changes in our memory processes serve as an adaptation to new technology．
1．The morning had been a disaster．My tooth was  （21）C，and I'd been in an argument with a friend．Her words still hurt："The trouble with you is that you won't （22）B  yourself in my place．Can't you see things from my point of view？"I shook my head （23）C   and felt the ache in my tooth．I'd thought I could （24）A out till my dentist came back from holiday，but the pain was really（25）B．I started calling the（26）D in the phone book，but no one could see me （27）D．Finally，at about lunchtime，I got lucky．
"If you come by right now，"the receptionist said，"the dentist will （28）A you in．"
I took my purse and keys and（29）B to my car．But suddenly I began to doubt about the dentist．What kind of dentist would be so （30）A to treat someone at such short notice？Why wasn't he as busy as the others？
In the dentist's office，I sat down and looked（31）C．I saw nothing （32）C the bare walls and I became even more worried．The assistant（33）D my nervousness and placed her warm hand over my ice-cold one．
When I told her my （34）A，she laughed and said，"Don't worry．The dentist is very good．"
"How long do I have to wait for him？"I asked （35）B．
"Come on，he is coming．Just lie down and （36）A．And enjoy the artwork，"the assistant said．
"The artwork？"I was（37）D．
The chair went back，suddenly I smiled．There was a beautiful picture，right where I could enjoy it：on the ceiling．How（38）C the dentist was!At that moment，I began to understand what my friend（39）B  by her words．
What a（40）A!

21．A．shakingB．weakC．achingD．flexible
22．A．takeB．putC．haveD．play
23．A．violentlyB．merelyC．stubbornlyD．consequently
24．A．holdB．breakC．cutD．put
25．A．absoluteB．unbearableC．unreliableD．formal
26．A．receptionistsB．managersC．nursesD．dentists
27．A．entirelyB．slightlyC．absolutelyD．immediately
28．A．fitB．takeC．pullD．come
29．A．closedB．rushedC．pushedD．guided
30．A．eagerB．cautiousC．braveD．loyal
31．A．upB．overC．aroundD．down
32．A．thereforeB．whileC．butD．however
33．A．translatedB．resistedC．admittedD．noticed
34．A．fearsB．intentionC．considerationD．arrangement
35．A．terriblyB．impatientlyC．extremelyD．respectively
36．A．relaxB．sleepC．observeD．refer
37．A．affectedB．frustratedC．disappointedD．puzzled
38．A．foolishB．terribleC．considerateD．considerable
39．A．attachedB．meantC．intendedD．pretended
40．A．reliefB．regretC．successD．loss．
12．Whether it is"women and children first"or"every man for himself"in a shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink，researchers said recently．
When the Lusitania was torpedoed （用鱼雷袭击） by a German ship in 1915，it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts．
But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912，it took three hours to go down，allowing time for more civilized behavior to take control--and the majority of the survivors were women，children and people with young children．
Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a"rational"and selfish manner．The two tragedies provided a"natural experiment"for testing the idea，because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender and wealth．
The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink．They suggested that when people have little time to react，instincts may rule．When more time is available，social influences play a bigger role．But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social norms （社会规范）could come into play in a disaster，including an evolutionary urge to save the species，attachments that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures．
The extent of altruism（利他主义）and how it occurs"is a very controversial issue，"said Anthony R．Mawson，a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center．He thinks the dominant response was attachment behavior．
Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan，US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage．Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind，he said，and that means"people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value，namely the young and women in child-bearing years"．
Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster，noting that the Titanic's captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania's．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS）

78．According to Benno Torgler，what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks？
The time it took the ships to sink
79．Besides social norms and leadership，what other factors play a part in disaster behavior？
The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments
80．According to Daniel Kruger，Why do the young and women of child-bearing age take the priority to survive？
Because they are more important to the survival of the species
81．What does the passage mainly tell us？
The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster．
11．Although I was very young when Papa died，I could still remember him．Papa worked at a furniture store．He would feel tired after he got home from work．After soaking （泡） his feet，he welcomed the comfort of his slippers．I always ran to get them for him．Papa would then pick me up and give me a big hug，rubbing the stubble （须茬） of his beard against my face．That really hurt，but I loved every moment of it．
Saturday and Sunday were good days for us．Papa had his paycheck，and every Saturday he would buy ice cream for each of us from a candy store．We all had to line up，from the oldest to the youngest．To get our ice cream we had to kiss Papa on the lips．Yuck!This wasn't a pleasant thing to do，since Papa smoked a lot and he always had the cigar taste on his lips．
Papa was doing the best he could to provide for us，and we were growing so tall．Papa became ill and his health was becoming worse．He finally had to stop working．Not realizing the temperature of the water in which he soaked his feet，once he awoke with both feet badly blistered （起水泡）．Mama insisted he should go to the local hospital and have it checked out．But Papa refused to go．The blistering became badly infected and spread to the right leg．Mama finally called the police to take him to the hospital．By that time it was too late and Papa died．
Papa was the center of our world and he was gone，and with him went the good times．As I sit here with my heart heavy，remembering those childhood days with papa，it brings a flow of tears to my eyes．
81．How did Papa remove his tiredness after work？（no more than 4words） （2marks）
By soaking his feet
82．What was the unpleasant thing for children to do if they wanted to get ice cream？（no more than 7 words） （3marks）
To kiss Papa on the lips
83．Why did Papa have to quit his job？（no more than 9 words） （2marks）
Because he was ill and his health became worse．
84．What made the writer's eyes in tears？（no more than 6 words） （3marks）
Remembering those childhood days with papa．．
10．When Mary Moore began her high school in 1951，her mother told her，"Be sure and take a typing course so when this show business thing doesn't work out，you'll have something to rely on．"Mary responded in typical teenage fashion．From that moment on，"the very last thing I ever thought about doing was taking a typing course，"she recalls．
The show business thing worked out，of course．In her career，Mary won many awards．Only recently，when she began to write Growing Up Again，did she regret ignoring her mom，"I don't know how to use a computer，"she admits．
Unlike her 1995autobiography，After All，her second book is less about life as an award-winning actress and more about living with diabetes （糖尿病）．All the money from the book is intended for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation （JDRF），an organization she serves as international chairman．"I felt there was a need for a book like this，"she says．"I didn't want to lecture，but I wanted other diabetics to know that things get better when we're self-controlled and do our part in managing the disease．"
But she hasn't always practiced what she teaches．In her book，she describes that awful day，almost 40years ago，when she received two pieces of life-changing news．First，she had lost the baby she was carrying，and second，tests showed that she had diabetes．In a childlike act，she left the hospital and treated herself to a box of doughnuts （甜甜圈）．Years would pass before she realized she had to grow up─again-and take control of her diabetes，not let it control her．Only then did she kick her three-pack-a-day cigarette habit，overcome her addiction to alcohol，and begin to follow a balanced diet．
Although her disease has affected her eyesight and forced her to the sidelines of the dance floor，she refuses to fall into self-pity．"Everybody on earth can ask，‘why me？'about something or other，"she insists．"It doesn't do any good．No one is immune （免疫的） to heartache，pain，and disappointments．Sometimes we can make things better by helping others．I've come to realize the importance of that as I've grown up this second time．I want to speak out and be as helpful as I can be．"
81．According to the passage，why did Mary Moore feel regretful？
（no more than 8words） （2marks）Because she ignored her mom
82．What is Mary's second book Growing Up Again mainly about？
（no more than 7words） （2marks）It's mainly about her living with diabetes
83．What did she decide to do when she realized she had to grow up again？
（no more than 8words） （3marks）She decided to take control of her diabetes
84．What can we know according to the last paragraph？（no more than 10words）（3marks）Mary wanted to help others as much as possible．
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