题目内容
12.Whether it is"women and children first"or"every man for himself"in a shipwreck may depend on how long it takes the ship to sink,researchers said recently.When the Lusitania was torpedoed (用鱼雷袭击) by a German ship in 1915,it sank in 18 minutes and the majority of the survivors were young men and women who responded immediately to their powerful survival instincts.
But when the Titanic struck an iceberg in 1912,it took three hours to go down,allowing time for more civilized behavior to take control--and the majority of the survivors were women,children and people with young children.
Economist Benno Torgler of the Queensland University of Technology in Australia and his colleagues studied the two sinkings in order to explore the economic theory that people generally behave in a"rational"and selfish manner.The two tragedies provided a"natural experiment"for testing the idea,because the passengers on the two ships were quite similar in terms of gender and wealth.
The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink.They suggested that when people have little time to react,instincts may rule.When more time is available,social influences play a bigger role.But psychologists noted that many factors other than following social norms (社会规范)could come into play in a disaster,including an evolutionary urge to save the species,attachments that are formed between individuals during the event and the leadership of authority figures.
The extent of altruism(利他主义)and how it occurs"is a very controversial issue,"said Anthony R.Mawson,a professor of preventive medicine at the University of Mississippi Medical Center.He thinks the dominant response was attachment behavior.
Psychologist Daniel Kruger of the University of Michigan,US thinks that the answer lies less in social norms and more in our evolutionary heritage.Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind,he said,and that means"people are more likely to save those who have higher reproductive value,namely the young and women in child-bearing years".
Kruger also stressed the importance of leadership during a disaster,noting that the Titanic's captain appeared to have greater control than the Lusitania's.
(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS)
78.According to Benno Torgler,what led to the different results between the two shipwrecks?
The time it took the ships to sink
79.Besides social norms and leadership,what other factors play a part in disaster behavior?
The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments
80.According to Daniel Kruger,Why do the young and women of child-bearing age take the priority to survive?
Because they are more important to the survival of the species
81.What does the passage mainly tell us?
The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster.
分析 本文主要讲述了船在失事后人们的不同反应取决于船体失事持续的时间,以及在灾难面前人类的本能也起着至关重要的作用.
解答 78.The time it took the ships to sink此题的难度不大,定位到文章第五段开头The major difference was how long it took the ships to sink,注意到语法细节,改成名词短语The time it took the ships to sink.
79.The evolutionary urge to save the species and the emotional/interpersonal attachments此题难度也不大,定位到第五段最后"But psychologists noted that many factors other t…including an evolutionary urge to save the species,attachments that are formed between individuals during the event…",我们可以判断另外两个影响人们在灾难中做出什么表现的因素是维持人类自身物种发展的本能和人与人之间的亲情.
80.Because they are more important to the survival of the species/Because they make a contribution to human continuity/Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings此题难度不大,但需要自己组织语言,文章倒数第二段提到"Human beings have a deep instinct to preserve our kind",人类有一种保护自身物种的本能,而年轻人和待孕妇女可以更好地繁衍后代,保持物种的繁衍.因此可以总结出Because they have higher reproductive value to human beings.
81.The reasons why people behave differently in a disaster
The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster.
The factors that play a part in disaster behavior.
此题属于主旨概括题,文章第一段就提到了航海失事之后人们不同的反应取决于船体失事持续的时间,后面又具体分析了,时间紧急时,人类的本能起主要作用,时间相对较长时,社会道德规范,维护自身物种繁衍生存的本能以及领导力都起到主要作用.可见文章的主旨是决定人们对船只失事的反应的因素,即The factors that lead people to behave differently in a disaster.
点评 阅读表达,要求学生在阅读理解的基础上,根据短文后的题目,在文中找到相关的内容,并用简洁、准确的句子,将理解的内容,书面表达出来.做题时,注意表达的内容不要超出规定的字数.

A. | abundant | B. | affordable | C. | aggressive | D. | accessible |
A. | view | B. | sight | C. | scene | D. | scenery |
--That's a very kind .( )
A. | offer | B. | service | C. | point | D. | suggestion |
I stuck my shirt in the back of the closet and told my(4)Cwhat had happened.She then dialed her(5)B,"I will no longer(6)Dfor your family,"she told him.That night,Mom told my dad that she couldn't just clean anymore; she knew her life's achievement was something(7)C,so she decided to find another job.
The next morning she(8)Bwith the personnel manager at the Board of Education.He told her that without a proper education she could not teach.So Mom decided to(9)Ca university.
After the first year in college,she went back to the personnel manager.He said,"Are you serious?I think I have a(10)Afor you as a teacher's assistant.This(11)D
deals with children who are mentally challenged with little or no chance of(12)A."Mom accepted that job opportunity very(13)B.
For almost five years,as a teacher's assistant,she saw teacher after teacher give up on the children and quit,feeling(14)A.Then one day,the personnel manager and the principal showed up in her(15)B.The principal said,"We have watched how you(16)Cthe children and how they communicate with you,and we (17)Cyour hard-working spirit over the last five years.We all(18)Dthat you should be the teacher of this class."
My mom(19)Bmore than twenty years there.During her career,she was voted Teacher of the Year.All of this came about because of the bad comment made in my classroom that day.Mom showed me how to handle(20)Asituations and never give up.
1.A.voice | B.student | C.teacher | D.noise |
2.A.get | B.take | C.carry | D.throw |
3.A.thankful | B.silent | C.cheerful | D.careless |
4.A.father | B.sister | C.mother | D.classmate |
5.A.assistant | B.employer | C.directo | rD.adviser |
6.A.pay | B.apply | C.employ | D.work |
7.A.sweeter | B.quicker | C.greater | D.louder |
8.A.went | B.met | C.worked | D.stayed |
9.A.visit | B.build | C.attend | D.prepare |
10.A.position | B.duty | C.key | D.part |
11.A.event | B.problem | C.meeting | D.opportunity |
12.A.learning | B.judging | C.obeying | D.imagining |
13.A.patiently | B.eagerly | C.successfully | D.angrily |
14.A.upset | B.frightened | C.happy | D.comfortable |
15.A.home | B.classroom | C.apartment | D.car |
16.A.punish | B.beat | C.treat | D.touch |
17.A.hate | B.forget | C.admire | D.follow |
18.A.discuss | B.argue | C.disagree | D.agree |
19.A.waited | B.spent | C.took | D.wasted |
20.A.challenging | B.simple | C.dangerous | D.strange |