11．Around the world coral reefs are facing threats brought by climate change and great changes in se——青夏教育精英家教网—

11．Around the world coral reefs（珊瑚礁） are facing threats brought by climate change and great changes in sea temperatures．While ocean warming has been the primary focus for scientists and ocean policy managers，cold events can also whiten corals．A new study by scientists compared damage to corals caused by heat as well as cold stress．The results show that cool temperatures can cause more damage in the short term，but heat is more destructive in the long run．
Climate change is widely known to produce warming conditions in the oceans，but extreme cold-water events have become more frequent and serious as well．I 2010，for example，coral reefs around the world faced one of the coldest winters and one of the hottest summers on record．
During a unique experiment，corals under cold temperatures suffered greater damage in just days compared with the heat treated corals．Yet the researchers found that corals were eventually able to adjust to the cold conditions，make their health stable and continue to grow．However，over the long term corals subjected to heat suffered more greatly than those in cold，with evidence of severe whitening and growth stoppage，which leads to death．
The coral's ability to adjust to cool temperatures surprised the researchers，who say the study's results show the complexities of monitoring coral health in response to different environmental factors．
"Global warming is associated with increases but also decreases of temperatures，"said Deheyn，one of the researchers．"Not much has been known about the comparative effects of temperature decrease on corals．These results are important because they show that corals react differently to temperature differences，which is important for future management of coral reefs in the field of climate change．"

66．According to the first paragraph，we know thatB．
A．different corals suffer differently by climate change．
B．both heat and cold stress affect corals．
C．cool temperature is more destructive to corals．
D．it's hard to know the effect of climate change on corals．
67．The phrase"subjected to"（in Paragraph 3）is closest in meaning to"C
"．
A．referred to
B．adjusted to
C．exposed to
D．stuck to
68．By"Not much has been known about…"Deheyn probably means thatA．
A．we know very little about the effects of temperature decrease on corals
B．temperature decrease is not expected to have a bad effect on corals
C．it makes no sense to study the effects of temperature decrease on corals
D．corals may not have been affected by the decrease in temperature．
69．What is the passage mainly about？D
A．measures should be taken to control global warming．
B．Climate change has resulted in more cold currents．
C．Heat is responsible for the destruction of corals．
D．Heat can cold damage corals in their own ways．

10．The earth is dying before us yet we sit and watch．If the TV or the game system breaks，we run off to the stores to get it fixed immediately no matter what the cost．Why aren't we willing to fix our earth？Are our televisions and game systems more important to us than where we live？Where shall we continue to live，until the end of time？
The earth is our home and cannot be replaced．We must take care of it．We have come up with so much technology that limits us instead of helping us．Take that game system we run to repair．What does it do？It occupies kids'time!The earth has already given kids plenty of entertainment in the forms of fields and hills，forests and plains，water and land．However，instead of using what the earth has given us，and helping kids by giving them exercise as they run around，we decide to ruin kids'minds with game systems that glue them to the screen for hours，and make them ignore their homework and chores．We have polluted this earth by making these things which do not even help in any way!
We have already messed up this world，we have ruined the air，water，and animals that it has so willingly provided for us．We need to stop this destruction of life and bring back the world we had before．It will not be easy，but everybody can help!What about something as simple as turning the lights off when you leave a room？Recycling what can be recycled？Picking up litter？Donating money to an environmental organization？None of these things are very hard．We can't just always say，"Oh，the earth is a mess．Ah，well，those big companies that are polluting so much can stop and fix it．"Instead，we need to help out．It's not only those big companies； it's everyday things that we do too that are ruining the earth．So stop and think about what you can do to make a difference to our world!

32．Why does the author mention televisions and game systems in Paragraph 1A？
A．To make people better aware of the urgency to the protection of the earth．
B．To explore the great harm done to the earth by too much technology waste．
C．To show the relationship between overuse of those things with early death．
D．To remind people to spend less on them and use the saved money in a wiser way．
33．It can be inferred from the second paragraph that the authorC．
A．thinks we must take care of our irreplaceable home-----the earth
B．thinks running around in fields occupies too much of kids'time
C．takes an extremely negative attitude to things like game systems
D．takes it for granted that technology gives kids plenty of entertainment
34．We can clearly feel that the author wrote this passage with deepB
A．anger
B．emotion
C．sadness
D．regret
35．What is the main purpose of the passageD？
A．To criticize those big companies that ruin the earth
B．To ask people to save kids from the harm done by pollution．
C．To give kids plenty of entertainment in a clean environment
D．To call on people to stop ruining the earth．

9．The one place you really don't want to be on weekend is in hospital．Last week，it was revealed in the research by Guy's and St Thomas'hospital in London，that stroke patients admitted on a Saturday or Sunday are up to 16percent more likely to die．
Meanwhile，a report earlier this year from NHS England found that all patients are 12percent more likely to die if admitted to hospital at the weekend------this was because fewer senior staff were available and there was a lack of access to key physical examination tests，such as scans．
But even if you're not in hospital，weekends can be a health danger．You might have thought it was your chance to recover after a hard week，but as we reveal，while they won't kill you，weekends may be bad for your health．
Headaches can occur more often at the weekend--------especially on a Saturday-------because of a chance in our routine，suggests Dr Andy Dowson，director of headache services at King's College Hospital，London．He says："if you are used to eating at a certain time of day or getting up and falling asleep at the same time，not continuing in the normal way at the weekend can cause headaches as your body and brain try to adjust to irregular meals or having a lie-in．"one theory is that the hypothalamus is very sensitive to any change in the body's routine．
Caffeine withdrawal may be another factor，if you usually drink three or four cups of tea or coffee on week days to help you concentrate at work，but don't at the weekend，your body can go into withdrawal．it's thought caffeine also influences the chemical messenger that widens blood vessels in the brain----without it，these vessels narrow again，triggering a headache．
Lying on the sofa in front of TV for hours watching your favorites after a week of running around can make heartburn worse----or even cause it to happen，as sitting with the head and shoulders bent forward puts pressure on the stomach，forcing acid up the gullet，the tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach，say Steven Mann，a gastroenterologist at the Royal Free London Trust．
Acid reflux can also become a problem at the weekend you cannot bear because of less regular meal times as a result of late nights and lie-ins，explains Dr Mann．And having a take away could be the final straw．"Oily，fatty food stimulates acid production，which can also cause problems such as heartburn and overflowing with the food．"Dr Mann adds．
（note：Answer the question or complete the statements in NOT MORE THAN TWELVE WORDS）

78．besides fewer staff available，why are weekend patients admitted to hospitals more likely to diebecause there is a lack of access to key physical examination tests．？
79．what are the two factors which may cause headachesa change in one's routine and caffeine withdrawal．？
80．A headache sometimes occurs when blood vessels narrow for lack ofa chemical messenger
81．we can infer from the passage that the final straw in the last paragraph meansthe last factor/thing/hazard that leads you to be a weekend patient．．

8．Emergency rooms （ER） are supposed to cure people but Dr．John Stemgold wonders if working in an ER in Willits made him sick．The ER was downwind of the Remco chrome plant．"I used to sit facing that window and kind of daydream out the window，looking at Remco，looking at the fog coming out of there．Then I would cough and cough．"Stemgold said．
What Dr．Stemgold didn't know was that Remco was flowing out Chromium VI into the air---a chemical known to cause cancer and breathing problems in humans．A recent state health department study found that people who were in Willits when Remco was in operation from 1964to 1995are at higher risk for cancer because of Chromium VI exposure．
Today Dr．Stemgold has lots of time to play his guitar．It turns out he has a form of breathing difficulty．Hospital chemicals cause coughing so violently that he's broken bones and it's cost him his career．Others in this town believe the Chromium has made them sick，too，and their families．Actually，Chromium VI was classified as a carcinogen，a cancer-causing substance，thirty years ago，Twenty years ago，a group of state scientific specialists found no exposure level below which carcinogen effects would not have some probability of occurring．Still，Remco was allowed to flow out Chromium VI into the air．
In the battle to balance public health and a healthy economy，laws often favor business，Alan Ramo is a professor of law at Golden Gate University．"There is a real drive to make money，to have employment．When there's a real job that's available and a theoretical risk of a chemical，jobs win out，business wins out．"
And chemicals are allowed to flood the marketplace and the government requires strict testing before any drugs can be sold．But the vast majority of industrial chemicals are put into use little testing of any kind Chemicals that people like us，you and me might be exposed to．Marilyn Underwood is with California state health department．"You need to have the convincing evidence that something is bad to then start regulating it．"However，in most cases，chemicals are not tested until someone reports the abnormal，unnatural condition of the environment in general．
"I think that if people really knew what really goes on with environmental protection I think they would be shocked and they should be．"Says Professor Ramo．"It might be valuable for other people to know what has happened to me，not for me but for them．"He said"because they might be in a similar situation because of where they work．"
70．What happened to the people who lived in Willits from 1964-1995D？
A．most of them were forced to move away．
B．They earn a lot of fortune from the factory or the profit it brought about．
C．employees from local area all got sick and lost their jobs at the plant．
D．They have a greater chance of having severe disease．
71．What can we infer from the scientists'finding twenty years agoC？
A．Chromium VI surroundings help surgeons have more casual life．
B．More skillful and capable doctors were needed．
C．There is no safe level of Chromium VI exposure．
D．A group of scientists were trying proper ways to solve the problems．
72．When are new chemicals for industry testedB？
A．When they make smog-forming gases．
B．When some problem is noticed．
C．Ten years after they are first used．
D．When the plant faces collapse．
73．One of the important issues in the story isC．
A．The dangers of emergency rooms that create health problem downwind．
B．Doctors prescribing too many drugs．
C．The battle to balance public health and a healthy economy
D．Why scientists restricted chemical，like Chromium VI．

7．Big trees are incredibly important ecologically．For a start，they provide food for countless other species and shelter for many animals．With their tall branches in the sun，they capture vast amounts of energy．This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit and flowers that sustain much of the animal life in the forest．
Only a small number of tree species have the genetic abilityto grow really big．The biggest are native to North America，but big trees grow all over the globe，from the tropics to the forests of the high latitudes（纬度）．To achieve giant size，a tree needs three things：the right place to establish its seedling，good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult death rate．Lose any of these，and you will lose your biggest trees．
In some parts of the world，populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive．In southern India，for instance，an aggressive non-native bush，Lantana camara，is invading the floor of many forests．Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root．With no young trees to replace them，it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear．
Without the right growing conditions，trees cannot get really bigand there is some evidence to suggest tree growth could slow in a warmer world，particularly in environments that are already warm．Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui，Costa Rica，David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer years．"During the day，their growth shuts down when it gets too warm，and at night they consume more energy because theirmetabolic（新陈代谢的） rate increases，"explains David Clark．With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just to survive，there is even less energy available for growth．
The Clarks'theory，if correct，means tropical forests would shrink over time．The largest，oldest trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced．According to the Clarks，this might cause a destabilization of the climate； as older trees die，forests would release some of their stored carbon into the atmosphere，causing a cycle of further warming，forest shrinkage and carbon emissions．
Besides，big trees face threats from elsewhere．

73．According to the passage，big trees make great contributions to theecosystem becauseC．
A．they can capture large amounts of energy
B．they determine the change of global climate
C．they provide the essentials for many creatures
D．they can avoid a new cycle of further warming
74．All the following factors are a must for making big treesEXCEPTD．
A．no deadly damage
B．genetic contribution
C．ideal environmentfor growth
D．high-latitude location
75．The word"dwindling"（paragraph3）is closest in meaning to"D"．
A．exploding
B．growing
C．changing
D．declining
76．What is the best title of the passageA？
A．Big trees in trouble．
B．Advantages of big trees．
C．Results of big trees'disappearing．
D．Importanceof big trees to humans．
77．What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraphA？
A．More threats to the existence of big tress．
B．The effect of human activities on big trees．
C．Benefits of big trees to the whole atmosphere．
D．Comparison between common trees and big ones．

6．Energy drinks can cause heart problems in healthy teenagers，scientists fear．Researchers are urging doctors，parents and teachers to monitor children's drinking more closely because marketing them as relieving tiredness and providing physical and mental power ignores major concerns．
Dr Fabian Sanchis-Gomar，of Octubre Hospital，Madrid，and his colleagues said the drinks that have gained popularity among 10to 19-year-olds can trigger sudden heart attacks in young，apparently healthy people．
Previous experiments has shown energy drinks high in caffeine （咖啡因） change the way the heart beats and could increase the risk of potentially deadly heart rhythm problems．In healthy adults who consumed the drinks，the left ventricle-which pumps blood around the body-was contracting harder，and still doing so an hour later．
Energy drinks often contain high amounts of labeled caffeine but can also contain"masked"caffeine in the form of guarana，for example，which comes from a Brazilian plant and is identical to caffeine found in coffee beans．Although caffeine is widely used and generally regarded as safe，serious harmful effects have been reported，especially when consumed in larger amount，said the researchers．
"It is important for physicians to understand the lack of regulation in caffeine content and other ingredients of these high energy drinks and their harms．And parents and children should be educated about the risks and the potential development of anxiety and fears coming with drinking large amounts of energy drinks．"
Dr Sanchis-Gomar's team's advice was that one can （250mL） of an energy drink a day is safe for most healthy adolescents，but consumption before or during sports practice should be avoided．

43．The passage is mainly aboutB．
A．negative effects of energy drinks on healthy people
B．potential risks facing teens having energy drinks
C．the danger of heart problems caused by caffeine
D．a new finding of a medical research
44．Which of the following statements about energy drinks is TRUEC？
A．They provide physical and mental power．
B．They lead to deadly heart rhythm problems．
C．They often contain more caffeine than marked．
D.250mL of caffeine a day is safe for adolescents．
45．How does the author draw his conclusion on energy drinksC？
A．By doing survey and interview．
B．By gathering data and description．
C．By describing results of experiments．
D．By making comparison and detective．
46．Which best describes the author's attitude towards the current situationA？
A．Objective．
B．Sympathetic．
C．Approving．
D．Annoyed．

5．Researchers may have discovered a perfect material of dieting----low fat cake and cheese．
British researchers say they have created a protein （蛋白质） that fat perfectly．
The proteins will enable food producers to remove much of the fat used in their products but without reducing product quality．
Funded by team from University of Edinburgh，the researchers have produced the modified （调整了的） proteins that easily break down and therefore work nearly the same as the fats do during food production．
"We've paved the way for the development of modified proteins that can be used to produce a wider ranger of appealing low-fat foods，"said Dr．Steve Euston，who led the research．
"The result could be important for health benefits，as well as a reduction in the burden on the National Health Service （NHS） caused by many weight-related health problems．"
Protein-for-fat substitution （替代品） is not a completely new idea，but to date it has been limited to products such as yogurts．
In cheeses and cakes it has proved less successful in ensuring the original taste and texture fundamental to consumer satisfaction，mainly because proteins could not mimic the behavior of fats closely enough．
By studying the proteins'chemical structure，the team has developed a detailed understanding of how proteins behave when they are heated or go through other food producing processes．
The proteins could encourage development of a wider choice of low-fat foods，helping consumers to eat more healthily and reducing weight-related health problems．
The team has achieved particularly promising results in using proteins to replace eggs，which is commonly used in bakery items．
Such substitution not only cuts fat content； because eggs can be subject to sharp changes in price，it could also cut the cost products and so encourage consumers to eat more healthily．

47．What can we learn from the passage？A
A．The NHS will benefit from this new finding．
B．the research team is funded by food producers．
C．Protein for fat substitution is a completely new idea．
D．Products of modified proteins have been put on sale．
48．The underlined word"mimic"meansD
A．reduces
B．makes
C．removes
D．imitates
49．These new proteins work nearly the same as the fats do becauseB．
A．they will cut fat content easily
B．they will break down easily
C．their products are cheaper and healthier
D．they ensure the original taste and texture．
50．Which of the following is best title？A
A．A Special Protein
B．How Proteins Work
C．Cut down the Food Cost
D．A special Research Team．

4．Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness，happiness，goodness and self-respect？The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as"honor"help you create this life of good feelings．
Here is an example to show how honorable actions create happiness．
Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item．If we keep silent，and profit from the clerk's mistake，we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement．Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune．On the other hand，if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item，the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty．We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul．
Then，what is it to do with our sense of happiness？
In the first case，where we don't tell the clerk，a couple of things would happen．Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief．In the process，we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect．We would also demonstrate that we cannot be trusted，since we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends．We damage our own reputations by telling others．In contrast，bringing the error to the clerk's attention  causes different things to happen．Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable．Upon leaving the store，we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased．Whenever we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility．
There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions．Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions．Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence．And it's easy to think and act honorably again when we're happy．While the positive cycle can be difficult to start，once it's started，it's easy to continue．Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind，which is important for our happiness．
46．According to the passage，the positive action in the example contributes to ourB．
A．financial rewards            B．self-respect
C．advertising ability           D．friendly relationship
47．The author thinks that keeping silent about the uncharged item is equal toD．
A．lying         B．advertising     C．cheating        D．stealing
48．The underlined phrase"bringing the error to the clerk's attention"meansD．
A．offering advice to the clerk
B．reminding the clerk of the charged item
C．asking the clerk to be more attentive
D．telling the truth to the clerk
49．How will we feel if we let the clerk know her mistakeC？
A．We'll be very excited．B．We'll feel unfortunate．
C．We'll have a sense of honor．D．We'll feel sorry for the clerk．
50．The best title of this passage isA．
A．Happiness through Honorable Actions
B．A Strong Sense of Humor
C．Keeping on Doing Exercise
D．A Beautiful Positive Energy．

3．New'York City has lots and lots of buildings，and many people live-there-almost 8 million people!Human beings take a lot of things from the earth，'and they also put a lot of things back into it，including things that pollute the air or use up natural resources．
"Eco-friendly，"or"green"buildings in New York City are good for the environment．"Green"living helps save natural resources，makes the air cleaner，and helps us breathe better．
    We spend about 90 percent of our day indoors，where the air quality can actually be much worse than it is outside．
    Certain buildings have more access to natural daylight，appliances that use less energy，and encourage people to use environmentally friendly practices．Green buildings give the people who live in them cleaner air to breathe，and some even have sensors that turn lights on and off when you walk into or leave a room． The buildings also capture and reuse rainwater．
    The Albanese Organization built the first green residential building in North America in 2003．It is called the Solaire，and is located in Battery Park City．Now，in 2013，they are building another new green building in Battery Park City called the Visionaire，which is so environmentally friendly that it is being called America's greenest"high-rise building．
     The building pud6es and reuses water，using 50% less water than a typical high-rise building． Some of the building's electricity is powered by the sun，and the fresh air is filtered to take pollutants out．
     The buildings themselves were all built using recycled materials from other construction projects，so that． those materials do not just end up in a garbage clump． It costs more for companies to make these buildings，so the people who live in them have to pay more，too*But reduced energy bills help you save money． And if you have allergies（过敏），you may end Lip saving on doctors'bills，too，since these buildings are healthier to live in．
"I have a history of asthma（哮喘）and hypersensitivity（高度过敏）to odors and allergens in the air，"said a Visionaire resident，Rod McCowan，52．"The air is crisp and pure． I can tell I'm breathing better．"

56．What kind of life does the author suggest in this，passage？（no more than 2 words）Green living．
57． What does the Albanese'Organization specialize in？（ no more than 6 words）（It specializes in）building green buildings

58．How does the Visionaire save water？（no more than 5 words）It purifies and reuses water．/By purifying and reusing water
59．What is this passage mainly about？（ no more than 6 words）Green/Eco-friendly buildings in New York City
60．Why does the author say"green"buildings are healthier according to the last two paragraphs？（no more than 9 words）Because they have crisp and pure air in them．/Because the air is crisp and pure．．

2．A sick little girl is being kept alive thanks to her best friend-a dog who carries her oxygen tank on his back．Alida's faithful dog companion Mr Gibbs has been specially trained to shepherd the three-year-old，who breathes through a tube most of the time．He follows her closely as she plays in her family's ten-acre land in Louisville，uses the slide or even rides her bike．
Alida was diagnosed with neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy（NEHI）when she was just eight months old．Her rare condition has just eight hundred documented sufferers throughout the world，and causes diseased pieces of the lungs to filter oxygen through extra layers of cells，making it hard or almost impossible to breathe．For Alida and her parents，it meant that even a walk in the park was very difficult because oxygen equipment was too heavy for the youngster to be able to carry herself．As parents，they wanted to do something to help their daughter survive despite having a tube following her all the time．The couple found out about"service dogs"from a TV program and realized an animal trained to help the blind could be trained to help Alida．They finally found help in the shape of golden doodle-a retriever crossed with a poodle-dog Mr Gibbs．Now thanks to trainer Ashleigh Kinsley-Alida and Mr Gibbs love nothing more than playing and running around together with the dog acting as Alida's life saver．
12．What is Mr GibbsA？
A．A pet dog．B．A policeman．C．A doctor．D．A firefighter．
13．When did the doctor know Alida caught the diseaseC？
A．At her birth．B．At the age of eight．
C．Before she was one year old．D．When she was three years old．
14．The underlined part"the couple"in paragraph 3 refers toB．
A．Alida's classmates B．Alida's parents
C．Alida's doctors D．Alida's pets
15．How did Alida keep aliveD？
A．By training her dog．B．By staying with her parents．
C．By playing with her fellows．D．By breathing through a tube．

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