In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music,dance and theater in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

At the same time, the “Fringe” appeared as a challenge to the official festival.Eight theater groups turned up uninvited in 1947,in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform,and they did so in a public house disused for years.

Soon,groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge,Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theater by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

Today the “Fringe”,once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1,500 performances of theater,music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as 1959,with only 19 theater groups performing,some said it was getting too big.

A paid administrator was first employed only in 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1,695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1,25 million tickets were sold.

1.What was the purpose of Edinburgh Festival at he beginning?

A. To bring Europe together again.

B. To honor heroes of World War 11.

C. To introduce young theater groups.

D. To attract great artists from Europe.

2.Why did some uninvited theater groups come to Edinburgh in 1947?

A. They owned a public house there.

B. They came to take up a challenge.

C. They thought they were also famous.

D. They wanted to take part in the festival.

3.Who joined the "Fringe" after it appeared?

A. Popular writers.

B. University students.

C.Artists from around the world.

D. Performers of music and dance.

4.We may learn from the text that Edinburgh Festival___.

A. has become a non-official event

B. has gone beyond an art festival

C. gives shows all year round

D. keeps growing rapidly

阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项(A、 B、 C和D)中。选出最佳选项。

Doctors are known to be terrible pilots.They don't listen because they already know it all.I was lucky: I became a pilot in 1970, almost ten years before I graduated from medical school.I didn’t realize then, but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.I loved flying.As I flew bigger, faster planes, and in worse weather, I learned about crew resource management (机组资源管理),or CRM, a new idea to make flying safer.It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result, regardless of positions.

I first read about CRM in 1980.Not long after that, an attending doctor and I were flying in bad weather.The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready.The attending doctor was flying; I was safety pilot, He was so busy because of the bad turn, he had forgotten to put the landing gear (起落架)down.He was a better pilot—and my boss—so it felt unusual to speak up.But I had to: Our lives were in danger.I put aside my uneasiness and said, “We need to put the landing gear down now!” That was my first real lesson in the power of CRM, and I’ve used it in the operating room ever since.

CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up.It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when I'm in the operating room, I ask for ideas and help from others.Sometimes they’re not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I continue to encourage them, someday someone will keep me from "landing gear up".

1.What does the author say about doctors in general?

A.They like flying by themselves.

B.They are unwilling to take advice.

C.They pretend to be good pilots.

D.They are quick learners of CRM.

2.The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when _______.

A.he saved the plane by speaking up

B.he was in charge of a flying task

C.his boss landed the plane too late

D.his boss operated on a patient

3.In the last paragraph “landing gear up” probably means _______.

A.following flying requirements

B.overreacting to different opinions

C.listening to what fellow doctors say

D.making a mistake that may cost lives

4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

A.CRM: A New Way to Make Flying Safe

B.Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor

C.The Making of a Good Pilot

D.A Pilot-Turned Doctor

I was fairly new to this particular school since my parents only moved to the area. There was a boy, who, as it turned out, was an orphan and was living and working for a small farming family. He didn’t appear at first glance to ever be fully engaged(专注) in the school learning process;he would sit quietly, never seem to get any attention from the teacher, and would spend a lot of time staring out of the window just behind him.

Over the next few weeks, I got to know this boy while playing outside in the schoolyard playing baseball, or soccer. He was very athletic and very good at anything we played. I started to wonder why he didn’t seem to do well in school and why the teacher ignored him.

He told me he had been in several foster (收养) homes since he was a little boy and that most of his time in the last few years had always been on farms. He said he was made to work before he went to school and as soon as he got home until it was time for bed. He was never given a chance to go out and play, nor was he allowed to have any friends although he told me he really didn’t have any friends anyway, because he was an orphan and they did not want anything to do with him.

I had never before been acquainted with prejudice of any kind. Here was one characteristic of a human being who through no fault of his own carried a label that prevented him from even having friends as a child. His potential was also being ignored by the teacher. It wasn’t that he couldn’t learn, or didn’t want to — it was because he wasn’t encouraged or in some cases, allowed to.

We may all meet people through the years that we tend to apply labels (标签) to without really taking the time to get to know them, to discover their real potential because our vision is clouded by how we always put people into pigeon holes that we are used to or comfortable with.

1. What was the first impression that the boy gave the author?

A. He was a troublemaker in class.

B. He was not drawn into learning.

C. He often played outside in the schoolyard.

D. He tried to get his teacher’s attention.

2.The main idea of the third paragraph is .

A. how the boy became homeless

B. that the boy’s family was very poor

C. why the boy didn’t have any friends

D. who made the boy work day and night

3.The boy’s potential was ignored because .

A. He worked hard. B. He liked playing baseball..

C. He was athletic. D. He was an orphan.

4.What does “pigeon holes” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. specific categories B. a group of friends

C. special schools D. animals’ homes

The kids in a village in Ethiopia wear dirty, ragged clothes. They sleep beside cows and sheep in huts made of sticks and mud. They have no school. Yet they all can chant the English alphabet, and some can make words.

The key to their success: 20 tablet computers(平板电脑) dropped off in their Ethiopian village in February by a U.S. group called One Laptop Per Child.

The goal is to find out whether kids using today’s new technology can teach themselves to read in places where there are no schools or teachers. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers analyzing the project data say they’re already amazed. “What I think has already happened is that the kids have already learned more than they would have in one year of kindergarten,” said Matt Keller, who runs the Ethiopia program.

The fastest learner—and the first to turn on one of the tablets—is 8-year-old Kelbesa Negusse. The device’s camera was disabled to save memory, yet within weeks Kelbesa had figured out its workings and made the camera work. He called himself a lion, a marker of accomplishment in Ethiopia.

With his tablet, Kelbasa rearranged the letters HSROE into one of the many English animal names he knows. Then he spelled words on his own. “Seven months ago he didn’t know any English. That’s unbelievable,” said Keller.

The project aims to get kids to a stage called “deep reading,” where they can read to learn. It won’t be in Amharic, Ethiopia’s first language, but in English, which is widely seen as the ticket to higher paying jobs.

1.How does the Ethiopia program benefit the kids in the village?

A. It trains teachers for them.

B. It helps their self-study.

C. It raises their living standards.

D. It provides funds for building schools.

2.What can we infer from Keller's words in Paragraph 3?

A. They need more time to analyze data.

B. More children are needed for the research.

C. He is confident about the future of the project.

D. The research should be carried out in kindergartens.

3.What is the aim of the project?

A. To offer Ethiopians higher paying jobs.

B. To make Amharic widely used in the world.

C. To assist Ethiopians in learning their first language.

D. To help Ethiopian kids read to learn in English.

语法填空

阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

For centuries, everybody knows laughter is the best medicine. Besides bringing joy, the doctor also1. (believe) that laughter helps release stress, which is the cause of many diseases.

The celebration of World Laughter Day is 2. (mean) to bring good health, joy and world peace. It is a special day that can 3. (celebrate)annually by anyone on the first Sunday of May. All people need to do is laugh aloud and wildly. The fun event was started 4. Indian physician, Dr, Madan Kataria.

His quest to make the world a happier place 5.(begin) in 1995, with the introduction of Laughter Yoga(大笑瑜伽课), a fitness class 6. people practice breathing exercise and uncontrolled laughter.

Though only five students attended the first class, this fun way of exercising soon began to spread and in a short time it began to be held 7. more than 70 countries around the world.

Members get together every day or twice a week 8. exercise by simply laughing out loud, waving their hands and making funny faces each other to keep the laughing going.

In 1998, in an attempt to spread the laughter to every person, the physician declared the first Sunday of every May World Laughter Day. Not 9. (surprise), it became an instant hit. To make it more fun, Dr. Kararia suggested 10. (organize) the celebrations in public places so that other people could join in. Some even awarded prizes to participants who could perform this feat in natural and effortless way.

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