题目内容

Why play games? Because they are fun, and a lot more besides. Following the rules…planning your next move...acting as a team member…these are all “game” ideas that you will come across throughout your life.
Think about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating (合作) .
Many children’s games have a practical side. Children around the world play games that prepare them for work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones. Which sharpens the hand-eye coordination（协调）needed in hunting.
Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games of all, the Olympic Games, bring athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire country, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disasters or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.
Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play it—some for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to give people hope through soccer. He created a foundation(基金会) to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.
Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, and whether these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.
小题1:Through playing hide-and-seek, children are expected to learn to ________.
A．be a team leaderB．obey the basic rules
C．act as a grown-upD．predict possible danger
小题2:The underlined part in Paragraph 2 most probably means that games can________.
A．describe life in an exciting way
B．turn real-life experiences into a play
C．make learning life skills more interesting
D．change people’s views of sporting events
小题3:According to the passage, why is winning Olympic medals so encouraging?
A．It makes people have a deep love for the country.
B．It proves the exceptional skills of the winners.
C．It helps the country out of natural disasters.
D．It earns the winners fame and fortune.
小题4:Iribarne’s goal of forming the foundation is to _______.
A．bring fun to poor kids
B．provide soccer balls for children
C．give poor kids a chance for a better life
D．appeal to soccer players to help poor kids
小题5:What can be learned from the passage?
A．Games benefit people all their lives.
B．Sports can get all athletes together.
C．People are advised to play games for fun.
D．Sports increase a country’s competitiveness.

小题1:B
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:C
小题5:A

试题分析：为什么做游戏、运动？因为他们让我们学会很多成人后要用到的经验。如合作轮流做事。还有一些运动让人们有民族荣誉感如奥运会。还有如足球让人们团结等等。
小题1:推理判断题。根据第一段可知，儿时的游戏如跳绳和捉迷藏，会使孩子受益终生一些基本规则：轮流做事、合作。故选B。
小题2:词意归纳题。根据本句的意思可知，通过游戏是孩子们懂得生活的一些基本常识。故选C。
小题3:推理判断题。根据Many sports encourage national or local pride.和后面的一句话可知，奥运会金牌属于个人更属于国家和民族。与A意思一致。
小题4:细节理解题。根据Iribarne created a foundation(基金会) to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.可知，选C。
小题5:主题归纳题。文章介绍了做游戏或者运动的好处。与A中的benefit一致。
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Climate change could affect food supplies, water resources, human health and homes.
If greenhouse gas emissions keep increasing at the current rate, global temperature is expected to rise between 2°C and 6°C by 2100. This doesn’t sound much, but a 5°C change is the difference between the current warm period and an ice age. 
Global warming leads to other changes in the climate: melting ice, more evaporation(蒸发), changes in geographical patterns of rainfall, heavier downpours separated by longer dry spells, more frequent heat waves, more intense hurricanes, and sea level rise. 
These changes could affect crop growth as drought, increased evaporation and shrinking glaciers（冰川）disrupt water supply. Some crops could suffer heat stress. While there may be benefits in some regions, overall climate change is likely to have a negative impact on global food supplies. The impacts of climate change on agriculture will vary widely around the world. A global temperature rise of 1–2 °C is expected to increase food production in some regions, particularly mid-latitude areas. But in tropical regions even a small amount of warming could reduce crop yields. A temperature rise of 3 °C or more could threaten global food resources, as all regions are likely to experience negative impacts overall.
Freshwater resources could also diminish, especially in tropical regions, as rain patterns change and evaporation speeds up. Some communities could lose essential melt water as glaciers disappear, while more intense rainfall and hurricanes could cause more flooding, leading to water pollution and bacterial diseases such as cholera（霍乱）becoming more widespread. 
Climate change could lead to a variety of health impacts – both positive and negative. On the negative side, scientists anticipate more cases of malnutrition, heatstroke and waterborne diseases such as cholera. Although some populations will benefit from a reduced risk of cold-related illnesses such as hypothermia, overall a warming world is likely to have negative effects on human health.
Scientists also expect damage to homes and buildings from more intense hurricanes, heavier rainfall and rising sea levels. Climate change is likely to affect infrastructure by increasing the risk of both coastal and inland flooding around the world, owing to a combination of heavier rainfall, rising sea levels and increased storm damage. Homes and buildings could also be affected by the thawing of frozen ground and greater risk of forest fires.
The consequences of climate change will have an impact on people around the world.
小题1:With global temperature increased by 1–2 °C, _______.
A．crops yields could be increased in tropical regions
B．food production could rise throughout the world
C．chances are that food resources would be threatened overall
D．mid-latitude areas are likely to experience positive impacts
小题2:The underlined word “hypothermia” in Paragraph 6 possibly means a serious medical condition caused by_______.
A．lower temperature than normal
B．higher temperature than normal
C．more cases of malnutrition
D．cases of waterborne diseases
小题3:According to the passage, climate change has both positive and negative effects on ______.
A．food supplies and buildings
B．freshwater resources and homes
C．human health and food supplies
D．human health and homes
小题4:The passage is mainly meant to tell us _______.
A．how global warming leads to changes in the climate
B．how climate change affects people worldwide
C．why climate change affects our crop growth
D．why climate change contributes to all bad results
While there has been public debate about whether running is good for your health for a long time, experts agree that running has more benefits than the costs. Some people are concerned that the pressure on your knees and ankles can be detrimental. While this can be true, there are many things that you can do to reduce your risk of injury.
You should always go to a doctor for advice before you begin any type of exercise program. Then, a good pair of running shoes can be helpful as your feet hit the ground. They will help protect your ankles by providing stability to your feet. So it is good idea to visit a specialty(专业) running shoe store. The staff there can suggest shoes which are ideal for your running style.
In order to learn the proper form, you may get some advice from a friend who has been running for some time, or even join a running club. They can provide good tips as well as some support and encouragement for you.
Lastly, it is important to start out slowly. When it comes to getting in shape and losing weight , short bursts of speed followed by periods of slower movement would be proper. Aim for around 30 minutes of exercise a few days a week. As you get better, you can increase your speed. Always allow your body to rest in between heavy exercise as your muscles need time to bring energy back.
Follow these instructions and your running experience will be a great one!
小题1:In the expert’s opinion,______________________.
A．running is good for your health as well as your mind.
B．you should buy running shoes in an expensive store.
C．running has more advantages than disadvantages for you.
D．you should go to the doctor if you have a running injury
小题2:The underlines word “ detrimental” in Paragraph 1 probably means___
A．harmfulB．usefulC．expensiveD．rare
小题3:If you take up running, you should___________________
A．worry about the pressure on your knees and ankles
B．ask the shopkeeper for a pair of running shoes
C．take advice from friends whom you will start running with
D．join a running club so that you can get encouragement
小题4:What can we infer from the passage?
A．More and more people have become interested in running.
B．Good running methods can reduce the risk of injury.
C．It’s better to run as far as possible to lose weight.
D．The instructions in the passage are given by a famous doctor.
British researchers have found that children’s IQ predicts their probability of becoming vegetarians (素食者) as young adults.
Recent studies suggest that vegetarianism may be associated with lower cholesterol (胆固醇), reduced risk of overweight and heart disease.
“We know from other studies that brighter children tend to behave in a healthier fashion as adults—they’re less likely to smoke, less likely to be overweight，less likely to have high blood pressure and more likely to take exercise.” lead author Catharine Gale said, “This study provides further evidence that people  with a high IQ tend to have a healthier lifestyle.”
In the study, Gale’s team collected data on nearly 8,200 men and women aged 30, whose IQ had been tested when they were 10 years of age.
“Children who scored higher on IQ tests at age 10 were more likely than those who got lower scores to report that they were vegetarian at the age of 30.”Gale said. 
The researchers found that 4.5 percent of participants were vegetarians. Of these, 2.5 percent were vegan, and 33.6 percent said they were vegetarian but also ate fish or chicken.
There was no difference in IQ score between strict vegetarians and those who said they were vegetarian but also ate fish or chicken，the researchers added.
One expert said the findings weren’t the whole answer，however.
“We don’t know the beliefs or attitudes of the parents of the children，nor do we know if there was a particular event that led these children to becoming vegetarian in their teens or adulthood.” said Lona Sandon, and assistant professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas.
小题1:From the article，we know that ________.
A．brighter children are likely to become vegetarians when they are ten.
B．people with a higher IQ will not be overweight
C．brighter children are likely to have a healthier lifestyle
D．overweight may cause high blood pressure
小题2:What does the underlined word “vegan” in the sixth paragraph mean?
A．Someone who only eats vegetables.
B．Someone who chooses not to eat meat or fish.
C．Someone who likes eating meat and fish.
D．Someone who likes eating vegetables.
小题3:This study left some unanswered questions EXCEPT “________”．
A．Did the vegetarian children grow up in a family with a vegetarian parent?
B．Did the children eat a primarily vegetarian diet at the age of 10?
C．Were meatless meals regularly served in the participants’ families?
D．Did the vegetarian children really have a high IQ?
小题4:The main idea of the passage is that ________.
A．the low IQ children will be unhealthier when they grow up
B．being vegetarians can reduce the risk of overweight and heart disease
C．IQ is important to vegetarians
D．high IQ children are more likely to become vegetarian when they grow up
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, the attitudes to dirt are always changing.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, and washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief above was long­lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ.Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first­time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist(免疫学家)，encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
小题1:The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because ________.
A．they believed disease could be spread in public baths
B．they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in
C．they lived healthily in a dirty environment
D．they considered bathing as the cause of skin disease
小题2:Which of the following best describes Henry IV's attitude to bathing?
A．Approving. B．Afraid.C．Curious.D．Uninterested.
小题3:How does the passage mainly develop?
A．By providing examples.
B．By making comparisons.
C．By following the order of importance.
D．By following the order of time.
小题4: What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A．To stress the role of dirt.
B．To introduce the history of dirt.
C．To present the change of views on dirt.
D．To call attention to the danger of dirt.
When I was small and my grandmother died, I couldn’t understand why I had no tears. But that night when my dad tried to cheer (使…快活) me up, my laugh turned into crying.
So it came as no surprise to learn that researchers believe crying and laughing come from the same part of the brain. Just as laughing has many health advantages, scientists are discovering that so does crying.
Whatever it takes for us to reduce pressure is important to our emotional (情感的) health, and crying seems to work well. One study found that 85 percent of women and 73 percent of men report feeling better after crying.
Besides, tears attract help from other people. Researchers agree that when we cry, people around us become kinder and more friendly and they are more ready to offer support and comfort. Tears also enable us to understand our emotions better; sometimes we don't even know we're very sad until we cry. We learn about our emotions through crying, and then we can deal with them.
Just as crying can be healthy, not crying — holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering — can be bad for physical health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, don't fight it. It's a natural — and healthy — emotional response.
小题1:Why didn't the author cry when her grandmother died?
A．Because her father did not want her to feel too sad.
B．Because she did not love her grandmother.
C．Because she was too shy to cry at that time.
D．The author doesn’t give the explanation.
小题2: It can be inferred (推断) from the text that ______.
A．there are two ways to keep healthy
B．laughing does more good to health than crying
C．crying and laughing play the same roles
D．emotional health has a close relationship to physical health
小题3: According to the author, which of the following statements is true?
A．Crying is the best way to get help from others.
B．Holding back tears may cause some health problems.
C．We will know our deep feelings if we cry.
D．We must cry if we want to reduce pressure.
小题4:What might be the best title for the text?
A．Power of TearsB．How to Keep Healthy
C．Why We CryD．A New Scientific Discovery
小题5: What might the underlined word “fight” in the last paragraph mean?
A．come backB．pay backC．hold backD．give back
Different exercise types have different purposes and different benefits. One type of exercise may not accomplish all goals of being physically fit: a healthy heart, strong muscles and bones, and safety from injury. As a result, it is important to do enough types of exercise to have all the physical benefits. Here is a quick check sheet.
Aerobic Exercise: To have a strong and healthy heart, you need to do aerobic exercise. This means that you need to exercise yourself enough so that your heart rate, while exercising, is 65 percent to 85 percent of your maximum heart rate. If you don’t get your heart rate up within this level—you just aren’t working hard enough. Whatever you do, your heart rate needs to be 65 percent to 85 percent of your MHR for 20 to 30 minutes, at least 3 times a week. Typical types include:
* Running
* Walking (at least 4 to 4.5 mph)
* Swimming
* Biking
* Elliptical Training (椭圆运动)
* Yoga
Strength Training: To keep your muscles and bones strong, you need to do strength training. This comes in a variety of forms. Whatever you do, however, you need to train your muscles enough so that they are really tired by the end of each session. To see real benefits, make sure you are strength training 2 to 3 times a week for about 30 to 40 minutes. Typical types of strength training include:
* Weight Training
* Yoga
* Resistance Training
* Plyometrics（肌肉增强训练）
Flexibility Training: To keep your body flexible, reducing risk of injuries and pain in your joints and muscles, you need to do flexibility training. You should always aim to stretch every muscle after any exercise routine. Typical types of flexibility training include:
* Stretching
* Yoga
* Pilates（普拉提课程）
So next time you think that yoga 5 times a week will be enough, think about what it is really doing. Is it getting your heart rate up? Are you making up your strength? Are you keeping your muscles flexible?
小题1:If your purpose is to _______, you can choose swimming as your exercise form.
A．build a strong and healthy heart
B．keep muscles and bones strong
C．keep body flexible
D．reduce risk of injuries and pain in joints and muscles
小题2:After reading this passage, we know that ________.
A．Yoga is really better for people than running
B．The more exercise you do, the better
C．Flexibility training helps you build up your muscles
D．The three kinds of training have links with one another
小题3:Which of the following is closest in meaning to “session” in Paragraph 3?
A．meetingB．gatheringC．periodD．term
小题4:The paragraph following this article may discuss_______.
A．how to find a good workout dealing with two or three of these goals
B．how to choose an exercise type
C．how to build up our strength
D．how to be more flexible
Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors — or doesn’t it?
　　While such vigilant(警觉的)tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it’s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing.
　　In many cases, screening can lead to additional biopsies and surgeries to remove cancer, which can cause side effects, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients’ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a riotous reaction among doctors, patients and advocacy groups. 
　　It’s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the remainder, the risk of cancer, while increased at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy(预期寿命).
　　A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening- especially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our population.
　　It’s not an easy calculation to make, but one that make sense for the whole patient. Dr. Otis Brawley said, “Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves. We need to think about the rational use of health care and stop talking about the rationing of health care.”
　　That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better.
小题1:Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people?
A．It is believed to contribute to long life.
B．It is part of their health care package.
C．The elderly are more sensitive about their health.
D．The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth.
小题2:How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly?
A．It adds too much to their medical bills.
B．It helps increase their life expectancy.
C．They are doubtful about necessity.
D．They think it does more than good.
小题3:What is the conventional view about women screening for breast cancer?
A．It applies to women over 50.
B．It is a must for adult women.
C．It is optional for young women.
D．It doesn’t apply to women over 74.
小题4:Why do many doctors prescribe routine screening for cancer?
A．They want to protect themselves against medical disputes.
B．They want to take advantage of the medical care system.
C．They want data for medical research.
D．They want their patients to suffer less.
小题5:What does the author say is the general view about health care?
A．The more, the better.
B．Prevention is better than cure.
C．Better early than late.
D．Better care, longer life.
Happiness is contagious (有感染力的), as researchers reported on Thursday.
People with the most social connections — spouses, friends, neighbors and relatives — were also the happiest, the data showed. “Each additional happy person makes you happier,” Christakis said.
“Imagine that I am connected to you and you are connected to others and others are connected to still others. It is this fabric of humanity, like an American patch quilt.”
Each person sits on a different colored patch. “Imagine that these patches are happy and unhappy patches. Your happiness depends on what is going on in the patch around you,” Christakis said.
“It is not just happy people connecting with happy people, which they do. Above and beyond, there is this contagious process going on.”
And happiness is more contagious than unhappiness, they discovered.
“If a social contact is happy, it increases the likelihood that you are happy by 15 percent, ” Fowler said. “A friend of a friend, or the friend of a spouse or a sibling (兄弟姐妹), if they are happy, increases your chances by 10 percent,” he added.
A happy third degree friend — the friend of a friend of a friend — increases a person’s chances of being happy by 6 percent.
“But every extra unhappy friend increases the likelihood that you’ll be unhappy by 7 percent,” Fowler said.
The finding is interesting and it is useful, too, Fowler said.
“Among other benefits, happiness has been shown to have an important effect on reduced mortality (死亡率), pain reduction, and improved cardiac (心脏的) function. So better understanding of how happiness spreads can help us learn how to develop a healthier society,” he said.
The study also fits in with other data suggested in 1984 that having $ 5,000 extra increased a person’s chances of becoming happier by about 2 percent.
“A happy friend is worth about $ 20,000,” Christakis said.
小题1:It can be inferred that________.
A．happiness spreads as fast and widely as unhappiness
B．unhappiness spreads faster and more widely than happiness
C．happiness spreads faster and more widely than unhappiness
D．the spread of unhappiness has not been studied by researchers
小题2:Which of the following will increase your chances of becoming happier most?
A．Being in a party with a happy atmosphere.
B．A happy experience of your brother or your parents.
C．A happy trip to a foreign country of your friends.
D．Happiness of your friend’s friend.
小题3:What does Christakis mean by saying “A happy friend is worth about $ 20,000”?
A．A happy friend can help you bring in a wealth of $ 20,000.
B．A happy friend is a wealth which is worth about $ 20,000.
C．A happy friend increases your chances of being happy by 2%.
D．A happy friend increases your chances of being happy by 8 %.

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